A series of planned and systematic measures that an organization takes to efficiently utilize its human resources. There is a similar term called labor management, but there is no theory that has absolute authority regarding the distinction and relationship between the two. However, many theories consider labor management in a broad sense to encompass both, and personnel management as human resource management or workforce management, while the parallel narrower definition of labor management deals with various human aspects other than human resources (people as consumers, social beings, and subjective beings) and deals with measures related to people in this sense (welfare, human relationships, participation in decision-making, etc.). The specific content of personnel management covers areas such as recruitment, placement, training, promotion, retirement, wages, safety, health, and working hours. Recruitment is based on a personnel plan or manpower plan that clarifies the type of work that is needed. The recruitment method (open recruitment, personal connections, etc.), target (new graduates, mid-career recruitment, etc.), and testing method (academic test, interview, aptitude test, group discussion, etc.) must be selected in line with the purpose of recruitment. The reality of a society with a declining birthrate and an aging population makes it essential to formulate long-term personnel plans. Recruited people are assigned to certain workplaces, and the placement must satisfy both quantitative placement, which secures the required number of people, and qualitative placement, which ensures appropriate placement according to qualifications. Securing employment by redeploying surplus personnel is also important in terms of work motivation. Not all hired employees necessarily possess the expected qualities, and constant technological innovation, information technology, and other changes in the environment can make existing qualities obsolete. To prevent this, systematic education and training, including new employee education and re-education, is necessary. This is especially true in Japan, where lifetime employment is a strong trend. Each employee's performance must be evaluated through objective and fair personnel evaluations, and promotions, salary increases, and bonuses must be awarded based on these evaluations. For this reason, rational promotion and qualification systems are necessary, and their proper operation is extremely important in giving each employee hope for the future. Promotion is primarily a non-material opportunity, and an incentive to satisfy the desire for social recognition. Wages, on the other hand, are a representative incentive for contribution. Traditionally, seniority-based promotion and wage systems have been central in Japan, but changes in the domestic and international environment have reduced their effectiveness and increased the need for merit-based promotion and wages according to job duties and performance. To move in this direction, it is necessary to thoroughly analyze jobs and evaluate them, and to place abilities development, placement, performance evaluation, and compensation centered on jobs, as a basic condition. The issue of working hours is extremely important for the long-term efficient use of human resources. The general trend is towards shorter working hours, and the two-day weekend system and summer vacation system have become fairly well established. Regarding the management of working hours, it is necessary to fully incorporate the results of labor science and other fields in terms of inserting rest periods and arranging shift systems. Furthermore, for the efficient use of human resources, it is necessary not only to improve the subjective conditions, but also to focus on improving working conditions and the comfort of the working environment. Safety and health are the backbone of this. Many aspects of personnel management are regulated by various laws. In order to ensure that there are no legal or scientific omissions, it is desirable to have a specialized personnel department or person in charge. [Mitsuo Morimoto] "Human Resources and Labor Management Theory" by Hiroshi Nagasaka, Mineko Morita, et al. (1994, Dobun Shoin) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
組織体が、自己の保有する人的資源の効率的利用を図るために行う一連の計画的・体系的施策。類似する語として労務管理があるが、両者の区分および関係について、絶対的に支配力をもつ説があるわけではない。しかし多くの説は、両者を包括するものとして広義の労務管理とし、人事管理を人的資源管理ないし労働力管理とするとともに、これと並立する狭義の労務管理においては、人的資源以外の人間的諸側面(生活者・社会的存在・主体的存在としての人間)を問題にし、この意味の人間に関する諸施策(福利厚生、人間関係、意思決定への参加など)を取り扱うとしている。 人事管理の具体的内容は、採用、配置、教育訓練、昇進、退職、賃金、安全、衛生、労働時間等の諸分野に及ぶ。 採用は、いかなる労働をさせるために人が必要なのかを明らかにする要員計画ないし人員計画を基礎にする。募集方法(公募、縁故など)、対象(新規学卒、中途採用など)、試験方法(学科、面接、適性検査、集団討議など)などは、採用の目的に即して選択されなければならない。少子化と高齢化の社会という現実は、長期人員計画の策定を不可欠にしている。採用された人間は一定の職場に配属されるが、配置は、必要数の人間を確保する量的配置と、資格要件に応じた適正な配置がなされる質的配置がともに満足させられなければならない。余剰人員の配置転換による雇用確保も、勤労意欲の点から重要である。 採用された人間がすべて期待される資質を具備しているとは限らないし、また不断の技術革新や情報化などの環境変化は、既存資質を陳腐化する。このためには、新人教育、再教育を含めた体系的教育訓練が必要である。終身雇用色の強い日本ではとくにそうである。各人の業績は、客観性のある公正な人事考課によって評価され、それに基づいて昇進、昇給、賞与が与えられなければならない。このため、合理的な昇進制度や資格制度が必要であり、それらの適正な運用は、各人に将来の希望を与えるうえできわめて重要である。 昇進は主として非物質的機会であり、社会的承認の欲求を満たす誘因となる。また賃金は、貢献に対する誘因の代表的なものである。日本においては、従来、年功序列型の昇進と賃金の制度が中心になってきたが、内外環境の変化は、これらの有効性を低下させ、能力主義の昇進と職務・業績に応じた賃金の必要を増大させつつある。この方向に進むには、基礎条件として、職務分析と職務評価を徹底し、職務を中心として能力開発、配置、業績評価、報酬を行う必要がある。 人的資源の長期効率的利用にとって、労働時間の問題はきわめて重要である。労働時間は大勢として短縮の方向にあり、週休2日制や夏休み制もかなり定着した。また労働時間の運用については、休憩時間の挿入や交替制の組み方について、労働科学などの成果を十分取り入れる必要がある。さらに、人的資源の効率的利用にとって、主体的条件を整備するだけでなく、作業条件とともに作業環境の快適化にも力を入れる必要がある。安全・衛生はその骨格となる。 人事管理の内容については、諸種の法律によって規制されている点が多い。法的、科学的に遺漏のないようにするため、専門的人事部門ないし担当者が望まれる。 [森本三男] 『長坂寛・守田峰子他著『人事・労務管理論』(1994・同文書院)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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