The general term for "recommendations regarding the improvement of salaries and other working conditions, and the improvement of personnel administration" for national civil servants (Article 3, Paragraph 2 of the National Public Service Act) made by the National Personnel Authority to the Diet, the Cabinet, relevant ministers, and other heads of agencies. It is abbreviated as "jinkan." A recommendation is a reference opinion submitted by an administrative agency to another government agency. Although it is not legally binding on the other party, it can have a certain degree of influence in practice depending on the professional status of the recommending agency and the authority of the recommendation. Personnel recommendations in particular have a strong influence because they are considered compensatory measures for the restriction of basic labor rights of public servants. Personnel recommendations can be broadly divided into three types: (1) recommendations for improving personnel administration (Article 22 of the National Public Service Act), (2) submission of opinions regarding the establishment, amendment, or repeal of laws and regulations (Article 23), and (3) recommendations regarding changes to wages, working hours, and other working conditions (Article 28). [Hiroshi Terada] Salary RecommendationThe Constitution of Japan stipulates that the Cabinet "shall administer the affairs of civil servants in accordance with the standards prescribed by law" (Article 73, paragraph 4, principle of statutory working conditions). In response to this, the National Public Service Act stipulates that the working conditions of national public servants, such as salary and working hours, "may be changed from time to time by the Diet in order to adapt them to the general social situation" (Article 28, paragraph 1, principle of adaptation to circumstances), and "with regard to such changes, the National Personnel Authority shall not fail to recommend them" (same article). Of the recommendations made by the National Personnel Authority, the salary recommendation is particularly important. In general, when the term "NPA" is used, it often refers to the salary recommendation. Regarding salary recommendations, the National Public Service Act stipulates that "The National Personnel Authority must report simultaneously to the Diet and the Cabinet at least once each year as to whether the salary table is appropriate. When it is deemed necessary to increase or decrease the salary set out in the salary table by 5/100 or more due to changes in the various conditions that determine salary, the National Personnel Authority must make appropriate recommendations to the Diet and the Cabinet together with its report" (Article 28, Clause 2). The salary recommendation, which is usually made in early August every year, directly targets non-working general-grade national civil servants who are subject to the Law on Salaries of General-grade Civil Servants (Salary Law). In addition, the salaries of special-grade national and local civil servants such as Diet officials, court officials, and Self-Defense Force members, as well as employees of specified independent administrative institutions and independent administrative institutions, school and hospital staff, etc. are also determined in accordance with the salary recommendation, and when the effect on private sector wages is taken into account, it plays a role in determining the standard wages in Japan. During the period of high economic growth, it sometimes had a major impact on the setting of the spring labor offensive market itself. [Hiroshi Terada] Recommendations regarding working hours, holidays and vacationsThe "Law on Working Hours, Holidays, etc. of General Employees" stipulates that the National Personnel Authority "shall conduct necessary research and studies on systems relating to working hours, holidays and holidays in order to ensure fair working conditions for employees, and shall simultaneously report the results of such research to the Diet and the Cabinet, and, where necessary, recommend revisions that it deems appropriate" (Article 2, Section 1). As with salary recommendations, the same principle as for the private sector is followed, and decisions are made from the perspective of "maintenance of administrative services" and "work-life balance." Regarding holidays, a two-day weekend system was recommended in 1979, followed by a four-week, five-day weekend system in 1981, and a four-week, six-day weekend system in 1987. As a result, the four-week, six-day weekend system with Saturday closures was fully implemented in January 1989, and Japan's weekly holiday system took a major step forward. In 1991, a recommendation was made that a full two-day weekend system be "implemented as early as possible in fiscal year 1992," and a full two-day weekend system for national government employees was implemented in May 1992. In 2008, along with the salary recommendation, a "recommendation regarding revisions to employee working hours" was made, which reduced employees' working hours to 7 hours 45 minutes per day and 38 hours 45 minutes per week. [Hiroshi Terada] Restrictions on basic labor rights of civil servants and compensation measuresThe National Public Service Law was amended by Cabinet Order No. 201 of July 31, 1948, which imposed a uniform and total ban on industrial action for national public servants (Article 98), restricted the right to collective bargaining, and denied non-operational employees the right to conclude labor agreements, greatly restricting their basic labor rights. The Personnel Recommendation System was established as a compensatory measure for these restrictions on basic labor rights. The Personnel Recommendation System was given the function of adjusting the working conditions of national public servants as necessary to adapt them to the general social situation and to bring their salary levels into balance with those of private-sector employees. However, because the recommendations were not binding, the Cabinet and the Diet, which received the recommendations, did not fully implement them in terms of content or timing from the first salary recommendation in 1948 until the end of the 1960s. In response, public servants resorted to strikes, demanding the full implementation of the salary recommendations. This eventually developed into a movement demanding the restoration of the right to strike and basic labor rights, and the question of whether the salary recommendation system was a compensation measure for the deprivation of public servants' right to strike and the restriction of basic labor rights came up in court. In the All Japan Agriculture, Forestry and Police Duties Law case (Judgment of April 25, 1973), the Supreme Court ruled that the salary recommendation system was "appropriate" as compensation for the restriction of basic labor rights, and furthermore, in the All Japan Agriculture, Forestry and Police Duties Strike case (Judgment of March 17, 2000), it ruled that even if the recommendations had been completely frozen, "it cannot be said that the compensation measure had lost its original function." Meanwhile, in its "Third Report on Administrative Reform" in 1982, the Provisional Administrative Reform Commission presented a "basic approach" that stated that the National Personnel Authority's recommendations as a compensatory measure should be "maintained and respected." However, in 2000, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's Administrative and Financial Reform Promotion Council began considering amending or abolishing the National Personnel Authority recommendation system itself in exchange for granting civil servants the right to strike, and in 2012, after the Democratic Party took power, a bill related to civil service reform was proposed in the Diet to abolish the National Personnel Authority as a compensatory system for restricting basic labor rights. Thus, the national personnel recommendation system, which has underpinned the postwar civil service system, is coming to an end. [Hiroshi Terada] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人事院が、国会、内閣、関係大臣その他の機関の長に対して行う、国家公務員の一般職職員の「給与その他の勤務条件の改善及び人事行政の改善に関する勧告」(国家公務員法3条2項)の総称。人勧と略称される。 勧告とは行政機関が他の政府機関に参考意見を提出することで、相手側への法的な拘束力はないが、勧告する機関の専門的地位と勧告の権威によって、実際上、一定の影響力をもつ。とりわけ人勧は公務員の労働基本権制限の代償措置とみなされているため、影響力は強い。人勧は(1)人事行政改善の勧告(国家公務員法22条)、(2)法令の制定改廃に関する意見の申し出(23条)、(3)給与、勤務時間その他勤務条件の変更に関する勧告(28条)の3種類に大別できる。 [寺田 博] 給与勧告日本国憲法は、内閣が「法律の定める基準に従ひ、官吏に関する事務を掌理すること」(73条4号、勤務条件法定主義)を定めている。これを受けて国家公務員法は、国家公務員の給与、勤務時間等の勤務条件は「国会により社会一般の情勢に適応するように、随時これを変更することができる」(28条1項、情勢適応の原則)、「その変更に関しては、人事院においてこれを勧告することを怠つてはならない」(同条)と規定する。 人事院勧告のうちでとくに重要なのがこの給与勧告である。一般には単に人勧という場合、給与勧告をさすことが多い。給与勧告について、国家公務員法は、「人事院は毎年、少くとも1回、俸給表が適当であるかどうかについて国会及び内閣に同時に報告しなければならない。給与を決定する諸条件の変化により、俸給表に定める給与を100分の5以上増減する必要が生じたと認められるときは、人事院は、その報告にあわせて、国会及び内閣に適当な勧告をしなければならない」と規定している(28条2項)。 通常、毎年8月上旬になされる給与勧告は、「一般職の職員の給与に関する法律」(給与法)の適用を受ける非現業の一般職国家公務員を直接の対象とする。また国会職員、裁判所職員、自衛官などの特別職国家公務員と地方公務員、さらには特定独立行政法人・独立行政法人などの職員、学校・病院職員などの多くも給与勧告に準じて給与が決められており、民間労働者の賃金などへの跳ね返りを含めると、日本の賃金の標準を決定する役割をもつ。高度経済成長期にあっては、春闘相場の設定自体に大きな影響を及ぼすこともあった。 [寺田 博] 勤務時間、休日および休暇に関する勧告「一般職の職員の勤務時間、休暇等に関する法律」は、人事院は「職員の適正な勤務条件を確保するため、勤務時間、休日及び休暇に関する制度について必要な調査研究を行い、その結果を国会及び内閣に同時に報告するとともに、必要に応じ、適当と認める改定を勧告すること」を定めている(2条1号)。給与勧告と同様に民間準拠原則を採用しているほか、「行政サービスの維持」や「仕事と生活の調和」といった観点から決定される。 休日については、1979年(昭和54)に週休2日制が勧告され、1981年から4週5休制が、1987年に4週6休制が勧告された。これにより1989年(平成1)1月には土曜閉庁による4週6休制が本格実施され、日本の週休制度も大きく前進した。その後1991年に、完全週休2日制を「1992年度中のできるだけ早い時期に実施すべき」との勧告が行われ、国家公務員の完全週休2日制が1992年5月から実施された。2008年(平成20)には、給与勧告と同時に、職員の勤務時間を1日7時間45分、1週38時間45分に引き下げる内容の「職員の勤務時間の改定に関する勧告」が行われている。 [寺田 博] 公務員の労働基本権制約と代償措置1948年(昭和23)7月31日の政令二〇一号により国家公務員法が改正され、国家公務員は争議行為が一律全面的に禁止され(98条)、団体交渉権も制限され、非現業職員は労働協約締結権も認められないなど、労働基本権は大きく制限された。こうした労働基本権制限に対する代償措置として人勧制度は設けられた。国家公務員の勤務条件を社会一般の情勢に適応し、給与水準を民間企業従業員の給与水準と均衡させるよう、随時変更する機能が人勧に担われたのである。 しかし、勧告にはなんらの拘束力もないことから、勧告を受けた内閣および国会により、1948年の第1回給与勧告から1960年代の末まで、内容および実施時期の面で完全に実施されることはなかった。これに対し、公務員労働者は人勧の完全実施を求めストライキに訴えることになる。それはやがてスト権・労働基本権回復要求運動に発展し、人勧制度が公務員の争議権剥奪(はくだつ)、労働基本権制約の代償措置たりうるかが裁判で争われることとなった。最高裁は、全農林警職法事件(1973年4月25日判決)で人勧制度は労働基本権制限の代償として「適切」と判断、さらに、全農林人勧スト事件(2000年3月17日判決)では、勧告が完全に凍結された場合であっても「代償措置が本来の機能を失っていたということはできない」と判示した。 他方、臨時行政調査会は1982年、「行政改革に関する第三次答申」で代償措置としての人事院勧告について「維持され、尊重される」べきであるとする「基本的考え方」を示した。しかし、2000年(平成12)には与党(自由民主党)の行財政改革推進協議会が公務員にスト権を認めることと引き換えに人事院勧告制度そのものの改廃を検討し始め、民主党への政権交代後の2012年、国会に提案された公務員制度改革関連法案は、労働基本権制約の代償制度としての人事院を廃止するとしている。こうして、戦後公務員制度を支えてきた人勧制度が終焉(しゅうえん)を迎えようとしている。 [寺田 博] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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