Game theory

Japanese: ゲーム理論 - げーむりろん(英語表記)game theory
Game theory
A new field of economics was pioneered by mathematician von Neumann, who was not good at poker, and completed "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior" in 1944 with the help of economist Morgenstern. It is a mathematical method to analyze game-like situations in which the payoffs of multiple rational decision-makers are determined by the interdependence of their strategies. The Prisoner's Dilemma, in which desirable cooperation is possible but undesirable defection is made possible due to lack of dialogue and binding power, is particularly famous. Traditionally, economics only analyzed perfect competition and monopoly, which have weak strategic interdependence, but the emergence of game theory has made it possible to fully analyze modern oligopoly economies. These fields are called new industrial organization theory and new international trade theory to distinguish them from traditional theories. Game theory has produced two Nobel Prize winners in economics, in 1994 and 2005, including John Nash, who was the model for the movie "A Beautiful Mind."

(Yoda Takanori, Professor, Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University / 2007)

Game theory

A mathematical theory that analyzes the optimal strategy for the actions of multiple people in situations where their interests do not necessarily coincide. It is also applied to rational decision-making between nations and companies. It originated in "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior" (1944), co-authored by mathematician J. von Neumann and economist O. Morgenstern. A typical example is the theory of "zero-sum two-player games" in which two players compete against each other to win or lose. It is also used in OR (operations research), economics, business administration, psychology, sociology, biology, and political science. RJ Aumann and T. C. Schelling applied game theory to understand the relationship between "conflict" and "cooperation," and won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2005. JF Nash, famous for being the protagonist of the movie "A Beautiful Mind," also won the same prize in 1994 for this theory.

(Professor, Toshiyuki Katsura, University of Tokyo Graduate School / 2007)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
ポーカーが得意でなかったという数学者フォン・ノイマンが1944年に経済学者モルゲンシュテルンの協力を得て完成させた『ゲームの理論と経済行動』によって切り開かれた、新しい経済学の分野。複数の合理的意思決定主体の利得がそれぞれの戦略の相互依存関係によって定まるという、ゲーム的状況を分析する数理的手法。互いに望ましい協力行為がありながら、会話と拘束力の欠如のために互いに望ましくない裏切り行為をとるという囚人のジレンマは特に有名である。従来、経済学は戦略的相互依存関係の希薄な完全競争や独占のみを分析していたが、ゲーム理論の登場によって、現代の寡占経済の本格的な分析が可能になった。これらの分野は、伝統理論と区別するために、新産業組織論や新国際貿易論と呼ばれている。ゲーム理論の研究では、映画『ビューティフル・マインド』のモデルにもなったジョン・ナッシュなど、1994年、2005年の2度、ノーベル経済学賞の受賞者が出ている。

(依田高典 京都大学大学院経済学研究科教授 / 2007年)

ゲーム理論

利害が必ずしも一致しない状況において、複数の人間の行動の最適戦略を分析する数学の理論。国家間や企業間の合理的意思決定にも適用される。数学者フォン・ノイマン(J.von Neumann)と経済学者モルゲンシュテルン(O.Morgenstern)の共著『ゲームの理論と経済行動』(1944年)がその出発点。2人のプレーヤーが勝ち負けを争う「ゼロ和2人ゲーム」の理論が典型例。OR(オペレーションズリサーチ)、経済学、経営学、心理学、社会学、生物学、政治学においても活用されている。オーマン(R.J.Aumann)、シェリング(T.C.Schelling)は、ゲームの理論を「対立」と「協調」の関係を理解することに応用し、2005年ノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。この理論では、映画「ビューティフル・マインド」の主人公で有名なナッシュ(J.F.Nash)も94年に同賞を受賞している。

(桂利行 東京大学大学院教授 / 2007年)

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