eyesight - shiryoku

Japanese: 視力 - しりょく
eyesight - shiryoku

It is the resolution of the eye, and actually refers to the ability to distinguish two points as two points. The angle formed by two points outside the eye and the optical center (conjunction) of the eyeball is called the visual angle, and the visual angle formed by the smallest two points that the eye can distinguish is called the minimum visual angle. Therefore, visual acuity can be expressed in terms of the minimum visual angle. Values ​​such as 0.5 or 1.2 are expressed as the reciprocal of the minimum visual angle expressed in minutes, a unit of angle. The Landolt rings used in visual acuity tests are designed so that when viewed from a distance of 5 meters, a ring with a 10-minute visual angle at the break is 0.1, and a ring with a 1-minute visual angle is 1.0.

The visual acuity of a normal person varies depending on the brightness of the target and the contrast between the target and the background. Therefore, standards are set for visual acuity testing. In general, visual acuity refers to the visual acuity of the fovea of ​​the macula of the retina, which is the highest, and visual acuity drops rapidly as the eye moves away from the fovea.

In addition, experiments using lighting and measuring equipment that provide the best minimum visual angle have shown that the minimum visual angle is 30 seconds to 1 minute, or 2.0 to 1.0 visual acuity. This is due to the size of the cones in the fovea, which have the sharpest visual acuity, and there must be one cone between the peaks of the intensity distribution of the image formed on the retina by two points. In other words, there must be a distance between the two points that is equivalent to the visual angle of two cones.

[Mizuo Matsui]

[Reference] | Vision test
Landolt ring
©Shogakukan ">

Landolt ring


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

目の解像力であり、実際には2点を2点として識別できる能力をいう。眼外の2点が眼球の光学的中心(結点)と結んでつくる角度を視角といい、目が見分けられる最小の2点がつくる視角は、最小視角とよばれる。したがって、視力は最小視角で表すことができるわけである。視力0.5とか1.2という値は、最小視角を角度の単位である分(ふん)で表した数字の逆数で表されている。視力検査に使われるランドルト環は、5メートルの距離から見たとき、環の切れ目の視角が10分のものが0.1、視角が1分のものが1.0といったようにつくられている。

 正常者の視力は、視標の明るさや視標と背景とのコントラストなどによって変化する。したがって、視力測定には基準が設定されている。また一般に、視力というのは網膜の黄斑(おうはん)中心窩(か)の視力のことをさしており、この部の視力が最高で、中心窩を離れるにつれて視力が急激に低下する。

 なお、最良の最小視角が得られるような照明と測定装置を使った実験によると、最小視角は30秒ないし1分、視力にして2.0ないし1.0であるという。これは視力のもっとも鋭い中心窩の錐(すい)(状)体の大きさによるものであり、2点によって網膜につくられる像の強度分布の山の間に一つの錐体がなければならない。いいかえれば、2点間には錐体2個分の視角に相当する距離がなければならないことになる。

[松井瑞夫]

[参照項目] | 視力検査
ランドルト環
©Shogakukan">

ランドルト環


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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