Nobu Shirase

Japanese: 白瀬矗 - しらせのぶ
Nobu Shirase

Antarctic explorer, Army Quartermaster Lieutenant. Born in Akita Prefecture. While still on active duty, he aspired to explore the North Pole, and in 1893 (Meiji 26), he participated in Gunji Naritada's expedition to the Kuril Islands, where he gained experience living in a cold climate and confidence by spending the winter on Shimushu Island. However, after learning that American Peary had reached the North Pole in April 1909, he changed his goal to the Antarctic. After overcoming various obstacles, and with the support of Okuma Shigenobu, and the enthusiasm of the public, including nationwide donations through the Asahi Shimbun Company and the local Akita Sakigake Shimpo Company, he was able to acquire the motor sailing ship, the Second Hoko Maru, used by Gunji's Hokogikai. The ship, named Kainan Maru (204 tons) by Togo Heihachiro, left Shibaura, Tokyo in November 1910 (Meiji 43) with 27 crew members, including captain Nomura Naokichi (1867-1933). After one failed attempt, in January 1912 they landed at Whale Bay in the Ross Sea (the eastern part of which was named Kainan Bay), and a five-man expedition led by Shirase and academic department head Takeda Terutaro set off for the South Pole. Due to bad weather and limited equipment and food, on January 28, 1912, the group turned back at 80°05'S, 156°37'W, naming the area Yamato Snowfields. However, the South Pole had been reached for the first time by the Norwegian Amundsen Expedition on December 14th of the previous year, and by the British Scott Expedition on January 18th, 1912. The Kainan Maru party returned safely to Yokohama in June 1912. The Shirase Expedition's goal was not simply to reach the South Pole, as Takeda was appointed Director of the Scientific Department and they investigated meteorology, tides, rocks, animals, etc. along the way. Although they did not reach the South Pole, it was an expedition of contemporary significance that led to modern Antarctic observation and research. After World War II, Japan relinquished all say in Antarctica, but place names such as Kainan Bay (officially recognized by the American Geological Society in 1933) are well established and recorded on maps and nautical charts of various countries. His main work is "Antarctic Expedition" (1913, Hakubunkan), and his report is "Antarctic Record" (1913, Seiko Magazine Company), edited by the Antarctic Expedition Support Association. At the Shirase Antarctic Expedition Memorial Museum in Kurokawa (formerly Konoura Town), Nikaho City, Akita Prefecture, where he was born, a model of the Kainan Maru and other items are on display. The Shirase Glacier, located about 100 kilometers south of Showa Station in Antarctica, is named after him.

[Masao Hanzawa]

"Shirase Nobu - My Antarctic Expedition - Human Record 61" (1998, Japan Library Center) by Shirase Nobu" "Japanese Adventures and Exploration" by Nagasawa Kazutoshi (1973 / Newly Republished 1998, Hakusuisha)" " Akita Sakigake Shimposha, editor, "Lieutenant Shirase Resurrected" (1982)"

[References] | Amundsen | Shigetada Gunji | Shirase Glacier | Scott | Antarctica | Peary | Yamato Snowfield
Nobu Shirase
©Shogakukan Library ">

Nobu Shirase


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南極探検家、陸軍輜重兵(しちょうへい)中尉。秋田県に生まれる。現役中から北極探検を志し、1893年(明治26)郡司成忠(ぐんじなりただ)の千島探検に参加し、占守(シムシュ)島での越冬で寒地での生活経験と自信を得た。しかしアメリカのピアリーが1909年4月、北極点に達したのを知り、目標を南極に変更した。種々の障害を乗り越え、大隈重信(おおくましげのぶ)の後援、朝日新聞社や地元の秋田魁(さきがけ)新報社を通じて全国的な募金など国民の熱意に支えられて、郡司の報効義会が使用した機帆船第二報効丸を入手した。東郷平八郎によって開南丸(204トン)と命名された船は、1910年(明治43)11月、船長野村直吉(のむらなおきち)(1867―1933)を含む27名を乗せて東京・芝浦を出航した。1回の失敗ののち、1912年1月、ロス海の鯨湾(その東を開南湾と命名)から上陸、白瀬と学術部長武田輝太郎たち5人の突進隊は南極点に向かった。悪天候と装備、食糧の制約から、1912年1月28日、一行は南緯80度05分西経156度37分の地点で付近を大和雪原(やまとゆきはら)と命名し、標識を埋めて引き返した。しかし、南極点は前年の12月14日、ノルウェーのアムンゼン隊によって初めて到達され、また1912年1月18日にイギリスのスコット隊も達していた。開南丸の一行は1912年6月、無事横浜に帰着した。白瀬隊が単に南極到達だけを目的としたのでなかったことは、武田を学術部長に据え、途中、気象、潮汐(ちょうせき)、岩石、動物などの調査をしているのでもわかる。南極点には立たなかったが、現代の南極観測、調査につながる今日的意義のある探検であった。第二次世界大戦後、日本は南極に関するすべての発言権を放棄したが、開南湾(1933年アメリカ地学協会が公認)などの地名は各国の地図・海図に記載され定着している。主著に『南極探検』(1913・博文館)、報告書に南極探検後援会編『南極記』(1913・成功雑誌社)があり、出生地の秋田県にかほ市黒川(旧金浦(このうら)町)の白瀬南極探検隊記念館には開南丸模型などが展示されている。南極・昭和基地の南約100キロメートルにある白瀬氷河は、彼の名にちなんだものである。

[半澤正男]

『白瀬矗著『白瀬矗――私の南極探検記――人間の記録61』(1998・日本図書センター)』『長澤和俊著『日本人の冒険と探検』(1973/新装復刊・1998・白水社)』『秋田魁新報社編・刊『よみがえる白瀬中尉』(1982)』

[参照項目] | アムンゼン | 郡司成忠 | 白瀬氷河 | スコット | 南極 | ピアリー | 大和雪原
白瀬矗
©小学館ライブラリー">

白瀬矗


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