In accounting, it refers to the amount of shareholders' equity on the balance sheet other than capital. It is the amount of shareholders' equity minus capital, and consists of the amount of payments from shareholders and the profits retained within the company. The amount of payments from shareholders is called capital surplus, and the retained profits are called retained earnings. The Corporate Accounting Principles clearly distinguish between capital transactions and profit and loss transactions, and state that capital surplus and retained earnings should not be confused (General Principle 3 of the Corporate Accounting Principles). Since capital surplus is surplus arising from capital transactions and retained earnings is surplus arising from profit and loss transactions (retained profits), confusing the two will result in a company's financial and profit and loss situation not being shown properly (Corporate Accounting Principles Commentary, Note 2). The amount of surplus is stipulated in the Companies Act and is the sum of the amount of assets and the book value of the equity capital minus the amount of liabilities, the amount of capital, and reserves (Article 446 of the Companies Act). Capital surplus must be divided into capital reserves and other capital surplus, and retained earnings must be divided into legal reserves and other retained earnings (Article 76, Paragraph 4 of the Rules of Accounting of Companies). These items may be subdivided and displayed under appropriate headings. Under the Companies Act, an amount not exceeding half of the amount paid by shareholders may not be recorded as capital, so this amount must be recorded as capital reserves (Article 445 of the Companies Act). In addition, when a corporation distributes dividends from surplus, it must record one-tenth of the amount of the dividend as capital reserves or legal reserves until it reaches one-fourth of the capital (Article 445 of the Companies Act). Other retained earnings, such as voluntary reserves that are accumulated based on resolutions of the general shareholders' meeting or the board of directors, are displayed under an account that indicates their content, while all other retained earnings are displayed as retained earnings carried forward. [Yoshito Nakamura] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
会計上、貸借対照表の株主資本のうち資本金以外の金額をいう。株主資本の額から資本金を差し引いた金額であり、株主からの払込みの金額と企業内に留保された利益からなる。この株主からの払込みの金額は、資本剰余金とよばれ、留保された利益は利益剰余金とよばれる。企業会計原則は、資本取引と損益取引とを明瞭(めいりょう)に区別し、資本剰余金と利益剰余金とを混同してはならないとしている(企業会計原則一般原則3)。資本剰余金は資本取引から生じた剰余金であり、利益剰余金は損益取引から生じた剰余金(利益の留保額)であるから、両者を混同すると、企業の財務・損益状況が適正に示されないことになるとしている(企業会計原則注解、注2)。 剰余金の金額は、会社法において規定されており、資産の額と自己資本の帳簿価額の合計額から負債の額、資本金および準備金の額の合計額等を差し引いた金額とされている(会社法446条)。資本剰余金は資本準備金とその他資本剰余金に区分し、利益剰余金は、利益準備金とその他利益剰余金に区分しなければならない(会社計算規則76条4項)。なお、これらの項目は、適当な名称を付した科目に細分して表示することができる。会社法においては、株主が払込みをした金額の2分の1を超えない額は、資本金として計上しないことができるため、この金額を資本準備金として計上しなければならない(会社法445条)。また、株式会社が剰余金の配当をする場合に、配当の10分の1の金額を資本準備金または利益準備金として資本金の4分の1に達するまで計上しなければならない(会社法445条)。その他利益剰余金は、任意積立金のように株主総会や取締役会の決議に基づき積み立てられるものについては、その内容を示す科目で表示され、それ以外については繰越利益剰余金として表示される。 [中村義人] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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