Exclusion - Joseki

This is a system that automatically excludes judges from performing their duties when there are certain typical grounds that suggest they may be biased in their decisions. These grounds are categorized as cases where the judge is a party to the case (the victim or defendant in the case of criminal cases), is in a position close to the parties, or has been involved in the case in the course of his/her duties. In civil cases, there are six grounds for exclusion (Article 23 of the Civil Procedure Act):

(1) Where the judge or his/her spouse (or former spouse) is a party or an interested party.

(2) When the parties are blood relatives within the fourth degree of kinship, relatives by marriage within the third degree of kinship, or cohabiting relatives (including former relatives).

(3) In the case of a person who is the guardian, guardian supervisor, curator, curator supervisor, assistant or assistant supervisor of the party.

(4) If you become a witness or expert witness in the case.

(5) If you are (or were) an agent or assistant to a party.

(6) If the person was involved in an arbitration award or a previous trial that is the subject of an appeal in the case.

The same is true in criminal proceedings (Article 20 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), but it includes cases where a public prosecutor or judicial police officer has performed the duties of a prosecutor or judicial police officer in relation to a case. The provisions on disqualification also apply mutatis mutandis to court clerks (Article 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Article 26 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

[Oide Yoshitomo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

裁判官に偏頗(へんぱ)（不公平）な裁判をするおそれのある一定の類型的な事由があるとき、その裁判官を法律上当然に職務の執行から排除する制度。裁判官が、当該事件の当事者（刑事事件の場合は、被害者や被告人）であるか、当事者に近い立場にある場合や、職務上当該事件にかかわったことがある場合などが類型化されており、民事訴訟上の事由としては、次のような六つの場合である（民事訴訟法23条）。

(1)裁判官か配偶者（だった者を含む）が当事者か、利害関係者である場合。

(2)当事者が4親等内の血族、3親等内の姻族または同居の親族（だった者を含む）の場合。

(3)当事者の後見人、後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人、補助人または補助監督人の場合。

(4)当該事件の証人または鑑定人になった場合。

(5)当事者の代理人または補佐人（だった場合を含む）の場合。

(6)当該事件の仲裁判断や不服申立ての対象となった前審の裁判に関与した場合。

　刑事訴訟上もほぼ同様である（刑事訴訟法20条）が、事件について検察官や司法警察員の職務を行った場合が加わっている。なお、裁判所書記官にも除斥の規定の準用がある（民事訴訟法27条、刑事訴訟法26条）。

［大出良知］

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