Freedom of occupational choice

Japanese: 職業選択の自由 - しょくぎょうせんたくのじゆう
Freedom of occupational choice

The freedom to choose the occupation one wishes to pursue. One of the freedom rights. Also known simply as freedom of occupation, it is not limited to the freedom to decide on an occupation, but also includes the freedom to practice that occupation, or "freedom of business." Although there was no provision for this in the Meiji Constitution, the Constitution of Japan guarantees it "as long as it is not contrary to the public welfare" (Article 22, Clause 1).

There are no restrictions on the freedom to decide one's own occupation, except for those prohibited by law (human trafficking, prostitution, etc.), but the freedom to practice one's occupation is subject to various restrictions from the perspective of "public welfare," that is, because business has a large impact on the lives of the people and the state also carries out public works. Examples of restrictions can be broadly divided into those imposed for police purposes, such as to prevent the occurrence of social harm, and those imposed for policy purposes, such as to implement certain policies.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

Restrictions for police purposes


(1) Regulation of business start-ups First, businesses that have a registration system in place to exclude fraudulent businesses from the market include money lending, quarrying, travel, etc. Second, businesses that require permission from administrative agencies because they will have a negative social impact if left unchecked include adult entertainment businesses, hotels, public baths, restaurants, pawnbrokers, secondhand goods businesses, construction, real estate transactions, and businesses handling hazardous materials (licensed businesses), and there are many other examples.

Furthermore, for professions related to human life, health, and safety, or those that require specialized knowledge, only those who have passed a public examination and have been certified as qualified are permitted to perform the profession. There are many examples, such as doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, architects, lawyers, tax accountants, judicial scriveners, nutritionists, cooks, beauticians, and barbers. These professions are called samurai law, etc., because they include the character "shi" (master).

(2) Regulation of business activities For the safety of human life and health, pharmacies and businesses that handle hazardous materials such as explosives and high-pressure gas are subject to strong administrative supervision, including on-site inspections, emergency measures, and improvement orders. Furthermore, for the maintenance of good morals, the hours of operation and business activities of adult entertainment businesses are strictly regulated. In addition, for the prevention and crackdown of crime, pawnbrokers and secondhand goods businesses are subject to regulations on bookkeeping, entry, and investigation.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

Policy-driven regulations


(1) Restrictions on business start-ups Postal services, which are highly public in nature, are left to a public monopoly and private individuals cannot operate them. To prevent oversupply, businesses such as oil refining and aircraft manufacturing require licenses. To protect existing businesses, the location of business premises is used as a criterion for licenses, for example, for public baths, alcohol manufacturing and sales, and tobacco retailing. In addition, the floor space of department stores is regulated in order to maintain the living environment in the surrounding areas. Furthermore, businesses that are deeply related to the lives of the people and in which competition is considered inappropriate and entry is restricted by the government include road transport, maritime transport, port transport, aviation, and railway businesses (chartered companies). However, among these regulated businesses, there are some that are moving in the direction of allowing new entrants and easing various other restrictions due to the government's promotion of deregulation.

(2) Regulation of business activities In order to ensure fair trade, the Antimonopoly Act restricts major businesses from coordinating price hikes and prohibits unfair representations (Act against Unfair Premiums and Misrepresentations), etc.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

"A Theory of Occupational Choice" by J.L. Holland (1993, Employment Issues Research Group) " "Contemporary Human Rights Essays" by Katsuo Tsuburaya (2002, Kobundo Publishing)

[Reference items] | Deregulation | Licensed business | Freedom | Patent company

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自分が従事したい職業を選択する自由。自由権の一つ。単に職業の自由ともいい、職業を決定する自由にとどまらず、その職業を行う自由、つまり「営業の自由」も含まれる。明治憲法には規定はなかったが、日本国憲法は「公共の福祉に反しない限り」これを保障している(22条1項)。

 自己の職業を決定する自由については、法律が禁止するもの(人身売買、売春など)を除いて、なんの制限もないが、その職業を行う自由については、営業が国民生活に与える影響が大きく、また国が公共事業を行うこともあって、その見地から、つまり「公共の福祉」のために、さまざまな規制が加えられている。規制の例を大別すると、社会的害悪の発生を防止するためという警察目的から規制される場合と、一定の政策を実施するためという政策目的からなされる場合とがある。

[池田政章]

警察目的からする規制


(1)開業の規制 まず、不正業者を市場から排除するために登録制が設けられているものに、貸金業、採石業、旅行業などがある。次に、放任すると社会的悪影響が出てくるので行政庁の許可が必要とされるものに、風俗営業、旅館業、公衆浴場業、飲食店業、質屋、古物営業、建設業、不動産取引業、危険物取扱業など(許可営業)があり、例が多い。

 また人の生命、健康、安全に関係する職業や専門的知識が必要なものについては、職業を行うにあたって、公的な試験で資格を認定された者だけに許されるものがある。医師、歯科医師、薬剤師、看護師、建築士、弁護士、税理士、司法書士、栄養士、調理師、美容師、理容師などの例があり、これも例が多い。これらは士(師)がつくところから士(さむらい)法などとよばれる。

(2)営業活動の規制 人命や健康の安全のために、立入検査、緊急措置、改善命令など、強い行政監督権に服するものに、薬局、火薬や高圧ガスなど危険物を取り扱う営業がある。また善良な風俗維持のために、風俗営業については、営業時間・営業行為について徹底した規制がなされる。そのほか犯罪の予防や取締りのために、質屋や古物営業については、帳簿の記載や、立入り・調査などの規制がある。

[池田政章]

政策目的からする規制


(1)開業の規制 事業の公共性が高い郵便は、公的独占にゆだねられ、私人は営業することができない。また、供給が過剰になることを防止するために石油精製業や航空機製造業などは許可が必要である。既存業者を保護するため、事業所の配置を許可の基準とするものに、公衆浴場、酒類の製造・販売、たばこ小売業などがあるほか、周辺地域の生活環境を保つ目的で、百貨店の店舗面積を規制している。さらに、国民生活に深くかかわる営業で競争が不適当であると考えられて、国からの参入規制を受けているものに、道路運送業、海上運送業、港湾運送業、航空事業、鉄道業など(特許企業)がある。しかし、これら規制を受けてきた事業のなかには、政府の規制緩和推進により、新規参入やその他さまざまな規制が緩和される方向にあるものもある。

(2)営業活動の規制 公正な取引を確保するために主要業者が同調して価格引上げを行うことを規制し(独占禁止法)、不当な表示を禁止する(不当景品類及び不当表示防止法)などしている。

[池田政章]

『J・L・ホランド著『職業選択の理論』(1993・雇用問題研究会)』『円谷勝男著『現代人権論考』(2002・高文堂出版社)』

[参照項目] | 規制緩和 | 許可営業 | 自由権 | 特許企業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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