Vocational aptitude

Japanese: 職業適性 - しょくぎょうてきせい(英語表記)vocational aptitude
Vocational aptitude
Occupational aptitude is a concept that represents the compatibility of a worker with a job or occupation, or the adaptability to an organization or workplace environment, management style, culture, values, etc. It is a concept that originally became necessary against the backdrop of the rise of modern industry in the first half of the 20th century, and began with research into the compatibility of personality with jobs based on individuals' strengths and weaknesses in machine operation. It was one of the research themes in the early days of industrial psychology, but later attempts were made to systematize it as aptitude psychology, and it has continued to be an important perspective ever since.

[Diversity of aptitude concepts] In the case of organizational human resource management, aptitude is a key point when considering the suitability and treatment of personnel in recruitment selection, transfers/placement, and promotions. Meanwhile, for working individuals, aptitude is a key point to consider in career-based self-realization and life planning, such as career path selection and efforts at self-development. It is also a key point to consider in the diagnosis and self-analysis support process in counseling to help with career selection. Furthermore, aptitude can be a key point not only in determining whether an individual possesses the required characteristics, but also in judging the possibility and predictability of acquiring the required job performance capabilities.

In both cases, the aspect of personality can be seen as either focusing on abilities and skills or as being viewed from a holistic perspective, including personality, interests, and attitudes. Generally speaking, the United States tends to focus on abilities and skills, while Japan tends to view the personality as a whole. In this way, the concept of aptitude is used with various meanings depending on the context, so it is necessary to specify its meaning according to each context.

Competency, a concept similar to aptitude, has been studied in the United States since the 1970s, and was introduced to Japan and has been widely used since the 1990s. Competency is approached practically, placing emphasis on compatibility with actual work rather than aptitude. It also differs from aptitude in that it is a complex, comprehensive concept that includes personality traits, motivation, emotions, etc.

[Methods of measuring and diagnosing aptitude] Because the concept of aptitude includes compatibility between personality and occupation/job, when measuring and diagnosing aptitude, it is necessary to identify aspects of personality such as the requirements of the occupation or job, i.e., the required abilities, character, interests, and orientation, and to analyze the expected level in advance, in addition to information about personality. It is also necessary to identify personality traits that are easy to adapt to organizational characteristics such as the organizational culture and climate. These are analyzed using psychological techniques such as observation and survey methods, and then related psychological scales are developed and methods for diagnosing the measurement results are devised.

Measuring and diagnosing vocational aptitude mainly involves psychological scales related to cognitive ability, personality traits, and interests/inclinations. When using the measurement results, the individuals involved may accumulate know-how on how to use them through experience, or may do so with the support of a human resources consultant. When used in counseling to support an individual's career development, interpretation is advanced through explanations by the counselor and collaboration with the individual.

[Aptitude test] The main tools for measuring and diagnosing occupational aptitude are classified into ability aptitude tests, personality aptitude tests, interest and orientation tests, etc., depending on the aspect of personality they measure. Tools that combine these are called comprehensive aptitude tests. They can also be classified into selection tests and training and support tests depending on the purpose of application.

An example of an aptitude test that focuses on abilities is the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The technology was imported from the United States during the postwar reconstruction period, and it is used in companies' recruitment and reassignment processes, as well as in guidance and support for career choices. It is an aptitude test that covers both general job abilities and specific abilities and skills, and is composed of 12 sub-tests and scales. Cognitive abilities are measured through a written test, and perceptual and motor abilities are also measured through an instrumental test that requires participants to perform simple tasks.

The Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) is an aptitude test that is primarily intended to support the career development of individuals, focusing on interests and inclinations. This is the Japanese version of the American aptitude test based on Holland, JL's vocational personality theory, which has been widely adapted around the world. Compatibility is assessed for both occupations and occupational interests using six categories: "Realistic (R)," "Investigative (I)," "Artistic (A)," "Social (S)," "Enterprising (E)," and "Conventional (C)." The test is conducted using a questionnaire, but is characterized by a unique format in which the names of 160 occupations are presented and participants are asked whether they are interested in them.

In addition to these, various tools have been researched and developed and are applied to human resource management such as recruitment selection, transfer/placement, promotion/advancement selection, education and training, and counseling. These are mainly provided in the form of paper tests, but with the background of advances in psychometric and computer technology, computer-based testing (CBT) is also used. It has been put into practical use since around 2000, and has become widespread with the establishment of facilities for taking various types of CBT, called test centers.

In addition, technologies that go beyond the scope of aptitude tests and provide career information and support career planning have also been put to practical use. Computer assisted career guidance systems (CACGs) are an extension of CBT. Aptitude tests are administered by computer, and the test results are fed back to the test subject on the spot to allow for a self-diagnosis of aptitude. However, the test subject can also operate the computer to search for necessary career information and consider career plans based on the test results. Aptitude tests are psychological scales and tools, and their development and application are based on academic knowledge. They should be developed with care from the perspective of basic reliability and validity in psychometric theory. In particular, when standard versions are provided, the psychological validation results are usually provided to users, and users should use them while monitoring the stability of the measurements and the appropriateness of the entire development process from a professional perspective. →Career development →Reliability →Validity →Tests [Hideyuki Futamura]

Latest Sources Psychology Encyclopedia Latest Psychology Encyclopedia About Information

Japanese:
職業適性は,働く人の職業・職務との適合性,あるいは組織・職場の環境,マネジメントのあり方,文化・価値などへの適応可能性を表わす概念である。もともとは20世紀前半の近代的産業の興隆を背景にして必要となった概念で,機械操作における個人の優劣から個性と職務との適合性が研究されたことに始まる。産業心理学草創期の一つの研究テーマであるが,後に適性心理学として体系化も試みられ,その後も一貫して重要な視点でありつづけている。

【適性概念の多様性】 適性は,組織の人材マネジメントにおいては,採用選考,異動・配置,昇進・昇格など人材の適否や処遇の是非を検討する際のポイントとなる。一方,働く個人においては,進路の選択や自己開発の努力など,職業を通じた自己実現,生活設計の検討ポイントとなる。また,職業選択を支援するカウンセリングの場合でも,診断や自己分析支援の過程で検討ポイントとなる。さらに,個人が必要とされる特性を保持しているかのみでなく,必要とされる職務遂行能力の獲得可能性,予見性を判断するポイントになることもある。

 いずれにおいても,個性の側面は,能力・スキルに重心が置かれる場合と,性格的,興味的,態度的な側面も含めて全人格的視野でとらえられる場合とがみられる。概して,アメリカでは能力・スキルに重心が置かれ,日本では全人格的にとらえられる傾向がある。このように適性の概念は,文脈によって多様な意味をもって用いられるので,それぞれの文脈にしたがってその意味を特定することが求められる。

 適性と類似の概念であるコンピテンシーcompetencyは,アメリカで1970年代以降研究され,日本にも移入されて1990年代以降には広く利用されるようになった。コンピテンシーは適性以上に現実の職務との適合性を重視して実践的にアプローチされる。また,性格的な資質の他,動機,情緒なども含めた複合的,包括的な概念である点で適性と性質を異にする。

【適性の測定・診断の方法】 適性の概念に個性と職業・職務との適合性が含まれることから,その測定と診断に際しては個性の情報のみでなく,職業や職務の要件,すなわち求められる能力,性格,興味・指向などの個性の側面を特定し,その期待水準を事前に分析する必要がある。また,組織文化風土などの組織特性に照らして適応しやすい個性の特定が必要となる。それらは観察法,調査法などの心理学的な手法によって分析されたうえで,関連する心理尺度が開発され測定結果の診断法が構想される。

 職業適性の測定や診断には,認知的能力や性格特性,興味・指向特性にかかわる心理尺度が主に利用される。また,測定結果の利用に際しては,当事者が利用ノウハウを経験的に蓄えたり,人事コンサルタントの支援のもとで展開したりする。個人のキャリア形成支援のカウンセリングに利用される場合は,カウンセラーによる解説や当人との協働によって解釈が進められる。

【適性検査aptitude test】 職業適性の主要な測定・診断のツールは測定される個性の側面により,能力適性検査,性格適性検査,興味・指向検査などに分類される。これらを複合的に組み合わされたツールは,総合適性検査とよばれる。また,適用目的別に,選抜用検査,育成・支援用検査に分類することもできる。

 能力に焦点が当てられた適性検査として,厚生労働省の一般職業適性検査general aptitude test battery(GATB)が挙げられる。戦後の復興期にアメリカの技術が移入され,企業などの採用選考,配置転換に適用されたり,職業選択を指導・支援する際の指導資料としても利用されたりしている。汎用的な職務能力,および特殊な能力・スキルの両面に対応する適性検査で,12の下位検査,尺度で構成され,筆記検査形式により認知的な能力が測定されるほか,簡単な作業をさせる器具検査形式による知覚的・運動的な能力も測定される。

 興味・指向を中心にして構成された個人のキャリア形成支援を主目的とした適性検査には,職業興味検査vocational preference inventory(VPI)が挙げられる。アメリカにおけるホランドHolland,J.L.の職業パーソナリティ理論を基にした適性検査で,広く世界的に翻案されているが,その日本版である。職業と職業興味のいずれも「現実的(R)」,「研究的(I)」,「芸術的(A)」,「社会的(S)」,「企業的(E)」,「慣習的(C)」の六つのカテゴリーをもって適合性が診断される。質問紙法による形式であるが,160の職業の名称を提示して興味関心の有無を問う特殊な方式が特徴となっている。

 これらのほか多様なツールが研究開発され,採用選考,異動・配置,昇進・昇格選考,教育研修などの人材マネジメント,あるいはカウンセリングに適用されている。これらは,主に筆記検査方式で提供されるが,心理測定技術とコンピュータ技術の進展を背景にして,コンピュータを利用した実施方式computer based testing(CBT)も用いられている。2000年ころから実用化が進み,テストセンターと称する各種のCBTを受験するための施設が整備されるに及んで広く浸透している。

 また,適性検査の枠を超えて,職業情報の提供やキャリア設計を支援する技術も実用化されている。computer assisted career guidance systems(CACGs)とよばれるCBTが拡張されたシステムも展開されている。コンピュータによって適性検査を受験し,その場で測定結果がフィードバックされて適性の自己診断をするが,それにとどまらず,測定結果に基づいて必要な職業情報の検索やキャリア計画の検討などをコンピュータを受験者自身で操作しながら進める方式である。適性検査は,心理学的な尺度やツールであり,学術的な知見に基づいた開発と適用が展開されており,心理測定論における基本的な信頼性reliability,妥当性validityなどの視点から注意を払いながら展開されるべきものである。とくに標準版が提供される場合は,それらの心理学的な検証結果が通常利用者に提供されており,利用者は測定の安定性や利用にわたる全体の展開プロセスの適切さを専門的な見地からモニターしながら利用すべきものであろう。 →キャリア発達 →信頼性 →妥当性 →テスト
〔二村 英幸〕

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