A spacecraft built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Apollo program. It consists of three parts: the command module, the service module, and the lunar lander. The command module is a cone-shaped capsule, 3.2m high, 3.9m in diameter at the base, and weighs 5.9t. The inside is divided into three parts. The pointed end of the cone is the forward machinery room, which contains the parachute for returning to Earth, and the bottom is the rear machinery room, which contains the fuel and oxidizer for the attitude control rocket, helium, and water tanks. In between them is the crew cabin. The crew cabin is the living quarters for three astronauts, and is filled with oxygen at one-third atmosphere, and all daily life, including operation, eating, and sleeping, takes place here. Only the command module returns to Earth. Attached to the rear of the command module is a cylindrical service module. It is 3.9m in diameter, 7.4m high, and weighs 25t. A 9.3-ton main rocket is attached to the rear of the module, and four sets of cross-shaped rockets for attitude control are attached to the outer wall. These rockets are used to correct the trajectory for the round trip to the moon, enter the lunar orbit, and escape from the lunar orbit. An antenna resembling four plates is attached to the bottom, and is used for transmitting television signals from space. Inside the module are three fuel cells that produce water and electricity, a propellant tank, an oxygen tank for breathing, and an environmental control device. On the return journey, the module is separated from the command module before re-entering the atmosphere, but until then the command module and the module are integrated, and the state in which the two modules are connected is called the mother module. The lunar lander can carry two people and is designed to split into two parts, an ascent section and a descent section, from the middle. It is 7 meters long, and when the four landing legs are extended, it has a diameter of 9.45 meters and weighs 14.8 tons. The ascent section is the living quarters for the two astronauts, while the descent section contains water and oxygen tanks, observation instruments, backpacks containing life support equipment, etc. When it is time to take off, the descent section is left as a launch pad and the ascent section takes off on its own. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アメリカ航空宇宙局 (NASA) がアポロ計画のために 20号まで造った宇宙船。司令船,機械船,月着陸船の3部分から成る。司令船は円錐形のカプセルで,高さ 3.2m,底部の直径 3.9m,重さ 5.9t。内部は3つに分れ,円錐のとがったほうは地球帰還用パラシュートなどが納められている前部機械室で,底のほうが姿勢制御用ロケットの燃料や酸化剤,ヘリウムや水タンクなどのある後部機械室である。それらの中間が乗員室となっている。乗員室は3人の宇宙飛行士の居住区で,3分の1気圧の酸素が詰められており,操縦,食事,睡眠などの一切の生活はこの中で行われる。地球に帰還するのはこの司令船だけである。司令船のうしろには円筒形の機械船がついている。直径 3.9m,高さ 7.4m,重さ 25t。その後部に推力 9.3tの主ロケット,外壁には4組の姿勢制御用の十字型ロケットが取付けてある。これらのロケットで月往復のための軌道修正,月を回る軌道への突入,月軌道からの脱出などのための噴射を行う。底部には皿を4枚並べたようなアンテナがついており,宇宙からのテレビ電波の送信などに使われる。機械船内部には水と電力を生産する3個の燃料電池,推進剤のタンク,呼吸用酸素タンク,環境調節装置などがある。機械船は帰路,大気圏に再突入する前に司令船から切り離されるが,それまでは司令船と機械船は一体となっているので,両船が結合したままの状態を母船と呼ぶ。月着陸船は2人乗りで,まんなかから上昇部と下降部の2つに分れるようにできている。全長 7m,着陸用の4本の脚を伸ばすと,直径 9.45m,重さ 14.8t。上昇部は2人の宇宙飛行士の居住区であり,下降部には水や酸素タンク,観測器械,生命維持装置の入った背箱などが入っている。離陸のときは,下降部を発射台として残し,上昇部だけで飛立つ。
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