Information disclosure - information disclosure

Japanese: 情報公開 - じょうほうこうかい

This is also called public document disclosure. It is a system that responds to the residents' right to know by setting standards for disclosure in advance and narrowing the scope of discretion of administrative agencies, making disclosure mandatory, and ensuring fair and democratic administration. It has been enacted in more than 10 countries around the world, including the Freedom of Information Act (enacted in 1966 and amended in 1974) in the United States. In Japan, the recognition that disclosure of administrative information should be institutionalized spread in the 1980s, and starting with Kanayama Town in Yamagata Prefecture enacting a document disclosure ordinance in 1982, information disclosure at the local government level has progressed in Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Tokyo, designated cities, special wards, major cities, and other municipalities. Many municipalities have institutionalized it through ordinances and guidelines, and requests for the disclosure of the head of the municipality's entertainment expenses and junior high school report cards are prominent. However, there are barriers such as privacy protection issues and smooth administration, and the decisions on disclosure or non-disclosure vary from municipality to municipality, so there are many cases that develop into lawsuits. Meanwhile, at the national level, the Information Disclosure Law was approved by the Cabinet in March 1998, and after further deliberation in three Diet sessions, it was enacted in May 1999.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

公文書公開ともいう。あらかじめ情報の公開基準を定め，行政機関の裁量の範囲をせばめることにより，住民の知る権利にこたえ，その公開を義務づけ，公正で民主的な行政を確保しようとするもの。アメリカの情報の自由化法 (1966制定，74改正) をはじめ，ドイツ，スウェーデンなど世界 10ヵ国以上で法制化されている。日本でも 1980年代に入り行政情報の公開を制度化すべきだとの認識が広まり，82年に山形県金山町が文書公開条例を制定したのを皮切りに，神奈川県や埼玉県，東京都，政令指定都市，特別区，主要市など，自治体レベルでの情報公開が進んでいる。多くの自治体で条例や要綱により制度化されており，首長の交際費や中学校の内申書の公開などを求める請求が目立つ。しかし，プライバシー保護の問題や行政の円滑な運営という壁があり，開示・非開示の判断は自治体によってまちまちであるため，訴訟に発展するケースも少くない。一方，国レベルでは 98年3月に情報公開法が閣議決定され，3国会での継続審議を経て，99年5月成立した。

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