This refers to the process of fermenting food ingredients with microorganisms and then maturing them. This mainly includes the process of making alcoholic beverages, miso, soy sauce, vinegar, etc. The "jo" in brewing means to brew, and is a word derived from the words "kamu" (to chew) and "kabisu" (to mold). The word comes from the fact that boiled or steamed grains are chewed in the mouth and placed in a container, where they ferment due to the action of mold and become sake. Saliva contains a starch saccharifying enzyme called amylase, which is used to turn starch into sugar, which is then fermented by planting seed yeast or by naturally occurring yeast. Currently, koji made from Aspergillus oryzae, or saccharifying enzymes contained in malt, are used for this saccharification. Aspergillus oryzae, which contain strong proteolytic enzymes, are used in soy sauce and miso. Acetic acid bacteria are used in vinegar. Once fermentation has progressed and the fermented product has settled, it undergoes very subtle changes through the action of enzymes and microorganisms, improving its flavor. This process is called maturation. In other words, brewing does not just involve fermentation by microorganisms, it also involves the process of maturation. During the brewing process, depending on the product, alcohol and acids are produced from starch or sugars, and amino acids are produced from proteins, which give the brewed product its unique flavor. Therefore, to ensure that these useful components are produced smoothly, various process controls are required, including temperature control, humidity, relationship with the outside air, and stirring. In the past, this was often left to the natural environment, but nowadays, at large-scale breweries, the environment is mechanically controlled to create conditions suitable for brewing, such as temperature and humidity. [Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi] "Encyclopedia of Brewing" edited by Kikuo Nojiro, Yoshizawa Yoshi, Kamada Kozo, Mizunuma Takeji, and Tadenuma Makoto (1988, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Simple Brewing Science" by Takashi Inoue (1997, Industrial Research Association)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Brewing and Fermented Foods" edited by Yoshizawa Yoshi, Ishikawa Yusho, Tadenuma Makoto, Nagasawa Michitaro, and Nagami Kenzo (2002, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Fermentation and Brewing 4: Fermentation Suitability of Edible Crops (Brewing is the Bond Between Microorganisms and Agriculture)" edited by Kazuo Azuma (2006, Korin Publishing) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
食品材料を微生物によって発酵させ、さらに熟成させる工程をいう。主として、酒類、みそ、しょうゆ、酢などをつくる工程がそれに属する。醸造の醸は醸(かも)すという意味で、噛(か)むまたは黴(かび)すから発生した語。煮た、あるいは蒸した穀物を口で噛み、容器に入れておくとカビの作用で発酵が進み酒になったところからきたものである。唾液(だえき)にはアミラーゼとよばれるデンプン糖化酵素があるから、これを利用してデンプンを糖にし、これに種(たね)酵母を植えるか、自然に入った酵母により発酵させた。この糖化には、現在ではコウジカビでつくった麹(こうじ)、あるいは麦芽に含まれる糖化酵素などが利用されている。しょうゆやみそでは、強力なタンパク質分解酵素を含んだコウジカビが使用される。また酢では酢酸菌が利用されている。 いったん発酵が進み落ち着いた発酵物は、さらに酵素や微生物の働きによって非常に微妙な変化を遂げ、味がよくなっていく。この過程を熟成とよんでいる。つまり醸造は微生物によって発酵させるだけでなく、熟成の過程も含んでいる。 醸造の過程では、ものによるが、デンプンあるいは糖類からはアルコールや酸が、タンパク質からはアミノ酸などがつくられ、これが醸造品の特殊な風味を形づくる。したがって、こういった有用な成分がうまくできていくように、温度管理をはじめ、湿度、外気との関係、攪拌(かくはん)といった各種の工程管理が必要である。以前は自然環境に任されていた場合が多かったが、現在では、規模が大きいところでは、温度、湿度などを醸造に適した条件にする環境づくりを機械的にコントロールすることが行われている。 [河野友美・山口米子] 『野白喜久雄・吉沢淑・鎌田耕造・水沼武二・蓼沼誠編『醸造の事典』(1988・朝倉書店)』▽『井上喬著『やさしい醸造学』(1997・工業調査会)』▽『吉沢淑・石川雄章・蓼沼誠・長沢道太郎・永見憲三編『醸造・発酵食品の事典』(2002・朝倉書店)』▽『東和男編著『発酵と醸造4 食用作物の醸造適性(醸造は微生物と農業の結束帯)』(2006・光琳)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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