Appointment on personal grounds

Japanese: 情実任用 - じょうじつにんよう
Appointment on personal grounds
In English, it is called patronage. This word originally meant the right to recommend candidates for vacant positions in a church or temple, but by extension it came to mean giving priority in appointments to relatives, friends, political supporters, etc., and granting them contracts, voting rights, honors, etc. Historically, priority in appointments to official positions was given first to relatives and friends, but with the development of party politics, political considerations began to take precedence. For example, the word patronage is said to have originated in 15th century England, where it was initially dominated by the personal preferences of the king.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:
英語ではパトロネージpatronageという。この言葉は,もともと教会または寺領の僧職の欠員候補の推薦権を意味したが,転じて,親族,友人,政治的支持者などに官職任用の優先権を与えたり,彼らに契約,選挙権,栄誉などを賦与したりすることを意味するようになった。歴史的にみると,官職任用の優先権は,まず親族,友人に与えられてきたが,政党政治の発達とともに政治的考慮が優先されるようになった。 たとえば,パトロネージという言葉は15世紀のイギリスに始まるといわれるが,そこでは最初,国王の個人的好みが支配していた。

出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報

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