Kiln

Japanese: 窯 - かま

A device for melting and heat-treating materials and carrying out chemical reactions using heat from the combustion of various fuels or electric heat. Although the distinction from a furnace is not strict, kilns are generally used for ceramics and furnaces for metallurgy. Kilns can be classified by type as single kilns, vertical kilns, tunnel kilns, rotary kilns, etc. Kilns for firing ceramics consist of a firebox (fire chamber), a kiln chamber (bag), and a smoke exhaust (ventilation device). Depending on the purpose of firing, there are bisque, glaze, and painted kilns, and depending on the shape, there are square kilns, circular kilns, oval kilns, etc. The use of kilns is oldest in Egypt and China, and they are broadly divided into flat kilns and climbing kilns. Flat kilns are the most common worldwide, and climbing kilns are a style unique to the Orient. In Japan, it began with the introduction of Sue ware, and before the Muromachi period, kilns were used in anagama kilns, which changed from semi-ground kilns to multi-chamber climbing kilns (snake kilns and split bamboo kilns) from the Momoyama period onwards, and since the Meiji period, they have developed from tunnel kilns to heavy oil, electric and gas kilns.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

各種燃料の燃焼熱，電熱などにより，材料の溶融・熱処理，化学反応などを行わせるための装置。炉との区別は厳密ではないが，一般に窯業用のものを窯，冶金用などのものを炉という。窯は形式別に分類すると単独窯，竪(たて)窯，トンネル窯，ロータリーキルンなどになる。陶磁器を焼く窯は焚口(たきぐち)（火室），窯室（袋），煙出し（通風装置）からなり，焼成目的によって素焼・本焼・絵付窯，形により角窯，円窯，楕円窯などがある。窯の使用はエジプト，中国が最も古く，大別して平地窯，登窯に分けられる。世界的に平地窯が最も多く，登窯は東洋独特の様式。日本では須恵器の伝来に始まり，室町期以前は穴窯，桃山以降は半地上式から連房式登窯（蛇(へび)窯，割竹窯）と変わり，明治以後はトンネル窯から重油・電気・ガス窯と発展している。

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