Improvement of criminal law - Kaizen Keiron

Japanese: 改善刑論 - かいぜんけいろん

...The special preventive effect is also called the rehabilitative theory of criminal punishment, because it is achieved by promoting the rehabilitation of criminals in society. It is also called the reformative theory of criminal punishment, because it is achieved by promoting the improvement of criminals, and the educational theory of criminal punishment, because it is achieved by promoting the education of criminals. Looking at these various ideas in relation to the trends of the times, from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, during the period when civil society was established, the main theories that were advocated for the purpose of reforming the harsh penal system of the Ancien Régime and making it more rational were the general preventive theory or the theory of relative retribution (the early old school)....

From [Criminal Law Theory]

...(4) They emphasized the subjective aspects of the perpetrator's antisocial character and motives when it comes to the establishment of a crime (subjectivism, character responsibility theory), (5) those who pose a social danger due to their antisocial character bear the burden of having to accept certain measures that society takes to protect them (social responsibility theory), (6) they argued that punishment is a means to improve and educate the perpetrator's antisocial character (reformative criminal theory, educational criminal theory), (7) it aims to prevent the perpetrator from reoffending (special prevention theory), and (8) in this way it protects society from crime (social defense theory). The actor-ism, subjectivism, and character responsibility theories advocated by this new school had the potential to affect the application of criminal law based on unclear subjective elements, and were dangerous to the protection of individual freedom and human rights. ...

*Some of the terminology used in relation to "improvement criminal law" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…その特別予防効果は，犯罪者の社会復帰を図ることにより達成されるとして社会復帰刑論とも呼ばれる。また，犯罪者の改善を図ることにより達成されるとして改善刑論，犯罪者の教育を図ることによって達成されるとして教育刑論とも呼ばれる。　このようなさまざまの考え方を時代思潮との関係でみると，18世紀末から19世紀初頭にかけて，市民社会の成立期に，アンシャン･レジームの過酷な刑罰制度を改革して合理的なものにしようという目的で主張されたのは，主として，一般予防論ないし相対的応報刑論であった(前期旧派)。…

【刑法理論】より

…そして，(4)犯罪の成立について行為者の反社会的性格･動機などの主観的側面を重視し(主観主義，性格責任論)，(5)そのような反社会的性格による社会的危険性をもつ者は，社会が自己を防衛するためにとる一定の措置を甘受しなければならない負担を負うとした(社会的責任論)。そして，(6)刑罰は行為者の反社会的性格を改善･教育するための手段であって(改善刑論，教育刑論)，(7)行為者の再犯の予防を目的とするものであり(特別予防論)，(8)このようにして社会を犯罪から防衛するのである(社会防衛論)と主張した。　この新派の主張する行為者主義，主観主義，性格責任論は，不明確な主観的要素によって刑法の適用を左右する可能性をもち，個人の自由，人権の保障にとって危険を含むものであった。…

※「改善刑論」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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