Vapor pressure

Japanese: 蒸気圧 - じょうきあつ(英語表記)vapor pressure
Vapor pressure

This refers to the pressure of vaporized solids and liquids. At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure generated by vaporization of a solid or liquid can only reach a certain upper limit. This upper limit is called the saturated vapor pressure. Saturated vapor pressure is determined by the type of substance (phase) and temperature. At the same temperature, a substance with a lower boiling point has a higher saturated vapor pressure. For the same substance, the higher the temperature, the higher the saturated vapor pressure.

Care must be taken because saturated vapor pressure or saturated water vapor pressure is sometimes simply referred to as vapor pressure (although this may actually be more common).

[Yamazaki Akira]

Saturated Vapor Pressure

When the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, gas begins to be generated from within the liquid (boiling). Therefore, in places with low atmospheric pressure, such as the top of a high mountain, boiling begins at a lower temperature than on the ground. By using this inversely, if you reduce the pressure by evacuating the air with a pump or other device, you can boil the liquid at a much lower temperature. This is often done in laboratories using a water pump (aspirator), and although it is technically reduced-pressure distillation, it is often called vacuum distillation.

[Yamazaki Akira]

weather

In meteorological terms, vapor pressure refers to the partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere. It is also called water vapor tension (abbreviated as water tension). Generally, air contains water vapor, and atmospheric pressure is the pressure of moist air, which is the sum of the pressure of dry air and the pressure of water vapor. Vapor pressure is expressed in hectopascals, just like atmospheric pressure. In normal meteorological observations, vapor pressure is measured using a ventilated psychrometer or from the results of measuring the dew point humidity. Since vapor pressure is determined by the amount of water vapor present, the amount of water vapor contained in a certain volume of air is sometimes expressed as vapor pressure. Since water vapor mixes well with air, air temperature can be used instead of the temperature of water vapor. Strictly speaking, vapor pressure ( e ) is defined as the product of the molar fraction of water vapor pressure ( Nv ) and the pressure of moist air ( p ), as follows:


Here, r is called the mixing ratio and is expressed as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air. Also, ε is the ratio of the molecular weight of water vapor to the molecular weight of dry air. Furthermore, the following relationship holds between vapor pressure ( e ), humidity ( T ) and volume ( V ):


where R is the universal gas constant, R ' is the specific gas constant for dry air, and Mv is the molecular weight of water vapor. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere decreases with height, and most of the water vapor in a unit cross-sectional area of ​​an air column is contained in the troposphere, most of which is contained in the lower part at a height of 3 kilometers.

[Hiroshi Matano]

[Reference] | Vacuum distillation | Steam

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

気化した固体、液体の圧力のこと。一定の温度においては、固体や液体から気化して生じる蒸気圧はある上限までしか到達しない。この上限を飽和蒸気圧とよぶ。飽和蒸気圧は、物質の種類(相)と温度によって定まる。同一温度では沸点の低い物質のほうが大きいことになる。同一物質では温度が高いほど大きい。

 ときには、飽和蒸気圧あるいは飽和水蒸気圧のことを単に蒸気圧といっている場合もあるから注意を要する(むしろこのほうが多いかもしれない)。

[山崎 昶]

飽和蒸気圧

液体の飽和蒸気圧が大気圧と等しくなると、液体の内部から気体の発生が始まる(沸騰)。したがって、高山の頂上などのように大気圧の低い所では、地上よりも低温で沸騰が始まる。これを逆用して、ポンプなどで排気を行って減圧すると、ずっと低温で沸騰させることができる。水流ポンプ(アスピレーター)などを用いて実験室でよく行われるが、これは正確には減圧蒸留であるけれども、よく真空蒸留という。

[山崎 昶]

気象

気象用語で蒸気圧といえば、大気中の水蒸気の分圧をさす。水蒸気張力(略して水張)ともいう。一般に空気中には水蒸気が含まれており、気圧は湿潤空気の圧力で、乾燥空気の圧力と水蒸気の圧力の和である。蒸気圧も気圧と同様にヘクトパスカルの単位で表す。蒸気圧は、通常の気象観測では、通風乾湿計による測定か、または露点湿度の測定の結果から求められる。蒸気圧は存在する水蒸気量によって決まるので、ある容積の空気中に含まれる水蒸気量を蒸気圧で表示することもある。水蒸気は空気とよく混合するので、水蒸気の温度のかわりに気温を用いて差し支えない。蒸気圧(e)は、厳密には、水蒸気圧のモル率(Nv)と湿潤空気の圧力(p)の積として次式で定義される。


ここに、rは混合比とよばれるもので、乾燥空気の質量に対する水蒸気の質量の比として表される。また、εは乾燥空気の分子量に対する水蒸気の分子量の比である。さらに、蒸気圧(e)、湿度(T)と容積(V)との間には次の関係が成立する。


ただし、Rは普遍気体定数、R′は乾燥空気の比気体定数、Mvは水蒸気の分子量である。大気中の水蒸気は高さとともに減少し、単位断面積の気柱に含まれる水蒸気量の大部分は対流圏の中にあり、その大半は高さ3キロメートルの下層部分に含まれている。

[股野宏志]

[参照項目] | 減圧蒸留 | 水蒸気

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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