In a bicameral (or bicameral) parliament, the house composed of popularly elected members is usually called the lower house (or first house), and the other house is called the upper house (or second house). The organization and function of the upper house differs depending on the legal system and historical circumstances of each country, but it is generally classified as the House of Lords type, the federal representative type, and the House of Councillors type (or people representative type). The House of Lords type is composed of a certain privileged class such as aristocrats and high-ranking bureaucrats appointed by the government, and is rare in modern countries with developed democratic politics, and its political status is lower than that of the lower house. The House of Lords in the United Kingdom and Japan under the Meiji Constitution belong to this type. In a federal representative type, the upper house is composed of members representing each state in a federal state, and it aims to harmonize the states and the federation, and is seen in the United States, Germany, Switzerland, etc. In the House of Councillors type, all or some of the members are popularly elected, but by changing the election method, such as adopting indirect elections or using different electoral districts, it is intended to reflect the opinions of the people who are not represented in the lower house in the parliament. In addition to the House of Councillors in Japan, all state senates in the United States, Norway, Iceland, and other countries have systems in which all representatives are elected by popular vote, while partial elections are seen in Italy, Belgium, and other countries. [Yamano Kazumi] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
両院制(または二院制)を採用する議会において、公選議員によって構成される議院を通常、下院(または第一院)といい、他の議院を上院(または第二院)という。上院の組織や機能は、各国の法制度や、歴史的事情によって異なるが、おおむね貴族院型、連邦代表型、参議院型(または国民代表型)に分類される。貴族院型は、貴族および政府の任命する高級官僚出身者などの一部特権階層によって構成され、民主政治の発展した現代国家ではその例は少なく、下院に比してその政治的地位は低い。イギリスや明治憲法下の日本の貴族院がこれに属する。連邦代表型は、連邦国家において、各支邦を代表する議員によって上院を構成し、支邦と連邦との調和を図ろうとするもので、アメリカ、ドイツ、スイスなどにみられる。参議院型では議員の全部または一部が公選議員によって構成されるが、間接選挙の採用や選挙区を異にするなど選出方法を変えることにより、下院には代表されない国民の意見を議会に反映させようとするものである。全員公選制はわが国の参議院のほか、アメリカの各州の上院、ノルウェー、アイスランドなど、一部公選制はイタリア、ベルギーなどにみられる。 [山野一美] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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