A phenomenon in which the temperature of a gas drops when a container filled with gas and a nearly vacuum container are connected by a tube filled with cotton or other material, and the gas is gently allowed to flow through the pores of the cotton plug under conditions where heat exchange with the outside can be ignored. This experiment was performed in 1847 by J.P. Joule and W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and is known as the Joule-Thomson pore plug experiment. It was an improved version of an experiment performed by Joule in 1845 to measure the relationship between the internal energy and volume of a gas. Measurements showed that the drop in temperature when using a real gas is proportional to the drop in pressure. The proportionality constant at this time is called the Joule-Thomson coefficient. In general, there are inversion temperatures specific to various gases, below which a drop in temperature occurs, and above which a rise in temperature occurs. This is the temperature at which the Joule-Thomson coefficient becomes zero. At room temperature, the temperature rises for hydrogen, helium, and other gases, but the temperature drops for many gases such as air. This is because the inversion temperatures are low, at -80°C for hydrogen and -173°C for helium. The reason that temperature changes occur in real gases is, firstly, because the equation of state is different from that of an ideal gas, and secondly, because the internal energy is also related to the volume. However, even real gases can approach an ideal gas if they are diluted. The Joule-Thomson effect is applied to the cooling process when liquefying gases that are difficult to liquefy. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
気体を入れた容器と,ほぼ真空の容器とを,綿などを詰めた管でつなぎ,外との熱の交換が無視できる条件のもとで綿の栓の細孔を通して静かに気体を流れさせると,気体の温度が下がるという現象。この実験は,J.P.ジュールと W.トムソン (ケルビン卿) が 1847年に行なったもので,ジュール=トムソンの細孔栓の実験と呼ばれている。気体の内部エネルギーと体積との関係を測定しようとして 45年にジュールが行なった実験の精度を高めたものである。測定によると,実在の気体を用いたときの温度の低下は,圧力の低下に比例する。このときの比例定数をジュール=トムソン係数という。一般に,いろいろな気体に固有の逆転温度と呼ばれているものがあり,これ以下では温度降下,これ以上では温度上昇がみられる。これは,ジュール=トムソン係数がゼロになる温度である。常温では,水素やヘリウムなどについては温度が上がるが,空気などの多くの気体では温度が下がる。これは,逆転温度が水素で-80℃,ヘリウムで-173℃と低いためである。実在の気体で温度変化が生じる理由は,第1に状態方程式が理想気体と違うからであり,第2に内部エネルギーが体積にも関係するからである。ただし,実在の気体でも希薄にすれば,理想気体に近づく。ジュール=トムソン効果は,液化しにくい気体を液化するときの冷却過程に応用されている。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
<<: Journal des Débats (English)
>>: Shuruppak (English spelling)
The name of an area in eastern Tokyo. In the past,...
…In the process of its occurrence, the excess cap...
...The Baroque period also saw the appearance of ...
A Tendai sect temple in Yamadera, Yamagata City. ...
… [Matsui Jin]. … *Some of the terminology that m...
A general term for compounds in which the atoms t...
A volcano that is active and may erupt in the fut...
In rocket vehicles, this is a general term for roc...
...This dance is based on a painting by Hanabusa ...
…[Ichiro Sakanashi]. … *Some of the terminology t...
A handbook for Kabuki writers. One manuscript. The...
This refers to a metal with a low density. It is ...
When a coalition government is formed in a multi-p...
…Generally, this is a common characteristic of se...
The fourth king of Bavaria (reigned 1864-1886). He...