shurṭa (English spelling)

Japanese: シュルタ（英語表記）shurṭa

Police and police officers from the early Islamic period. Also called shuraṭa or, in the plural, shuraṭ. The etymology comes from the 4th-type verb ashraṭa (to distinguish one thing from another for a specific purpose), and by extension, shruta came to refer to an elite military unit, which then evolved into the term police. There are two theories about the origin of shruta: the time of the Orthodox Caliphs, and the time of Muawiyah I of the Umayyad dynasty. Unlike the ḥarasa, the guards and sentinels who protected castles, the shruta of that time served as the personal guard and security force of the caliph or governor, and were responsible for detecting and suppressing hostile and disturbing elements.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

初期イスラム時代の警察，警官のこと。シュラタshuraṭa，あるいは複数形でシュラトshuraṭとも呼ばれる。語源は4型動詞ashraṭa〈的確な目的のために，ある事物を他と区別する〉にあり，転じてシュルタとは軍隊のエリート部隊を指すようになり，それが警察を示す用語に転化した。シュルタの起源については，正統カリフ時代，あるいはウマイヤ朝のムアーウィヤ1世時代の両説がある。城を守る衛兵や番兵のハラサḥarasaとは異なり，当時のシュルタはカリフや総督の親衛隊･治安部隊として敵対分子や不穏分子の摘発･鎮圧にあたった。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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