Origin of Species - Shunokigen

Japanese: 種の起原 - しゅのきげん
Origin of Species - Shunokigen

This is the major work on evolutionary theory by British biologist C.R. Darwin. Its correct title is On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. It was published by John Murray in 1859. It has been translated into many languages, but the oldest Japanese translation is On the Origin of Living Things (also known as The Origin of Species) by Tachibana Sensaburo in 1896 (Meiji 29). Since then, it has been translated by Osugi Sakae, Koizumi Makoto, Uchiyama Kenji, Ishida Shuzo, Hori Nobuo, Tokuda Mitoshi, Yasugi Ryuichi, and others.

Darwin first became interested in the origin of species during the voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836), so it took over twenty years from the idea to the publication of his book. In 1842, when he was 33 years old, he wrote down an outline of his theory in a 35-page notebook. He began writing On the Origin of Species in 1856, but two years later he received a paper from A. R. Wallace that was almost identical to his own theory, so he presented it jointly under a common title at a conference in London in July of the same year. Darwin then wrote a new manuscript, and the first edition was published in 1859.

This book is composed of 14 chapters in the first edition, and 15 chapters in the sixth edition (published in 1872), with one more chapter added. The book begins with artificial selection. Cultivated plants and livestock have been improved since ancient times, and breeders have found slight variations in organisms and used them to select and improve them. In the first edition of this book, Darwin states that the cause of variation is external conditions, but in the sixth edition, this point is changed and he says that external conditions are secondary to the nature of the organism. Next, he thought that in nature, slight variations occur in various parts of organisms, and that evolution occurs as these accumulate over many generations. He introduced the concept of natural selection as the cause of this. In other words, the fecundity of organisms creates a struggle for survival, but what is important for evolution is the struggle between individuals of the same species who have the same requirements, and even the slightest difference can determine the survival of an individual. He argued that individuals with mutations that are advantageous to the environment survive (survival of the fittest), and that these mutations accumulate over a long period of generations, resulting in evolution. He then describes the difficulties of his theory, and discusses the issues of instincts and habits of living things. This is the first half of the book, and is the central part of his theory. The following chapters develop and strengthen this theory, and discuss the significance of the theory of evolution in the biological system.

[Shoichiro Usami]

"The Origin of Species, translated by Yasugi Ryuichi, 3 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)"

[References] | Evolutionary theory | Darwinism | Darwin

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの生物学者C・R・ダーウィンの進化論についての主要著作。正確な表題は『自然選択による種の起原について』On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection。ジョン・マレー社より1859年に出版。各国語に翻訳されたが、日本語では1896年(明治29)立花銑三郎(せんさぶろう)による『生物始源』(一名『種源論』)がもっとも古く、以後、大杉栄(さかえ)、小泉丹(まこと)、内山賢治、石田周三、堀伸夫、徳田御稔(みとし)、八杉竜一などによる翻訳がある。

 ダーウィンが種の起原について関心をもったのはビーグル号航海(1831~1836)のときであるから、着想から著書の出版まで二十数年かかった。彼は1842年に33歳のとき自説の概要をノート35枚に覚え書きにした。1856年に『種の起原』の著作にとりかかったが、2年後にA・R・ウォーレスから受け取った論文の内容が自説とほとんど同じであったので、同年7月のロンドンの学会で共通の表題で連名で発表した。その後ダーウィンは新たに稿をおこし、1859年に刊行したのがその初版本である。

 本書は、初版では14章、第6版(1872刊)では1章増えて15章から構成されている。その内容はまず人為選択(人為淘汰(とうた))から始まる。古くから栽培植物や家畜が改良されてきたが、育種家は生物のわずかな変異をみいだし、それをもとに選択を行い改良を行った。ダーウィンは本書初版では変異の原因は外的条件であると述べているが、6版ではこの点が改変され、外的条件は生物の本性に比べると副次的なものであるといっている。次に、自然界でも生物のいろいろな部分に微少な変異がおこり、それが何代にもわたって蓄積してゆき進化がおこると考えた。その原因として自然選択(自然淘汰)という概念を導入した。つまり生物の多産性によって生存競争(闘争)がおこるが、進化にとって重要なのは同じ要求をもつ同種個体間のそれであって、ごくわずかな差異でも個体の存亡を決定する。環境に対して有利な変異をもつ個体が生存し(適者生存)、長い世代の間にその変異が蓄積して進化に結果する、と彼は主張した。次に自説の難点について述べ、また生物の本能や習性の問題を論じている。以上が本書の前半であり、彼の理論の中心的な部分である。以後の章はこの理論の展開であり、補強であって、また生物学の体系における進化論の意義を論じている。

[宇佐美正一郎]

『八杉竜一訳『種の起原』全3冊(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | 進化論 | ダーウィニズム | ダーウィン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Chenonceaux (English spelling)

>>:  Summit conference

Recommend

Evening party - Yakai

〘 noun 〙① A gathering held at night. A night gathe...

Pantothenic acid

...(3) Vitamin B6 overdose does not cause overdos...

Gyokko - Gyokko

〘 noun 〙 A box decorated with jewels. A jewel box....

Fire (■1) Dokan - Kayokan

...A man from Yeongju. He noticed the effectivene...

Amazaki Castle Ruins

...In 1979, the Omishima Bridge (328m) was opened...

Fujufusseha - Fujufusseha

A sect of the Nichiren sect. "Fusekuyo"...

Space Threshold

The minimum distance between two stimuli given sim...

Direct energy conversion

This is a method of extracting electrical energy ...

Acker

...These units of area are the area that a yoke o...

Parnassia foliosa (English spelling)

… [Michio Wakabayashi]. … *Some of the terminolog...

Hekinan [city] - Hekinan

A city in southern Aichi Prefecture facing Chita B...

gospodar

...Hida's Shirakawa Village and Etchu's G...

Twenty-four eyes

A full-length novel by Tsuboi Sakae. It was seria...

Anthozoa - Flower Bugs (English spelling)

A general term for species belonging to the Anthoz...

Kolozsvár (English spelling) Kolozsvar

…Its current official name is Cluj-Napoca. Its Hu...