Residents' movement - Juminundou

Japanese: 住民運動 - じゅうみんうんどう

It refers to a movement based on horizontal solidarity among people or groups who are united in the field of local life, transcending class and occupational differences, with the goal of resolving common difficulties in local life. Under the highly developed capitalist era, the extreme productivism of capital has strengthened centralized state power and destroyed the foundations of people's lives and the natural environment. In Japan, anti-pollution movements and movements demanding quality of life have been carried out nationwide since the mid-1960s. These movements are called resident movements, since they have been triggered in residential areas that are inseparable from local life. Since these movements are fundamentally born out of social tensions over local and lifestyle issues, they also create confrontational relations with authority. As a result, they have also become movements that assert the rights of residents for the democratization of local communities, and that call for resident participation in community development and other activities.

[Nitagai Kamon]

History

A typical example of this during the formation of modern Japanese society was the anti-mining pollution movement surrounding the Ashio Copper Mine. Resident movements developed particularly during the nationwide regional development that occurred during the process of strong capital accumulation resulting from rapid economic growth from 1955 onwards. During this period, industrial development took precedence, and natural resources such as land and water were destroyed in the process. Anti-pollution movements such as those against Minamata disease, Itai-itai disease and Yokkaichi asthma developed throughout the country, as did movements against public works projects such as the construction of highways, airports, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. A distinctive feature of the development of resident movements during this period was that the anti-pollution movements mentioned above were movements that arose as a demand for relief after pollution had already been caused (a resident movement of ex post facto relief), whereas the latter anti-public works movement was a resident movement of pre-emptive prevention, which sought to prevent such environmental destruction from occurring in advance.

In the 1970s, delays in the development of infrastructure for residents' lives became more evident, and life demand movements developed around various issues in daily life, such as consumption, housing, transportation, cleaning, education, and welfare. In the midst of this development, various demands for citizen rights were seen, such as demands for basic human rights, awareness as political participants, and demands for a system of resident participation in public works, and at the same time, more than 100 progressive local governments were established nationwide. In the 1980s, the first and second oil shocks of the 1970s led to a period of low economic growth, and anti-pollution movements decreased, but on the contrary, movements calling for improvements in the quality of living environments, for urban and natural amenities (comfortable living), for the independence of disabled people, and for life support and cultural mutual understanding for foreign residents, among other minority resident and citizen movements, also appeared. On the other hand, resident and citizen activities, NPOs (non-profit organizations), and NGOs (non-governmental organizations) that maintained the results of the movements and emphasized participation, etc., also increased. There were also movements for citizens to request information disclosure and for the establishment of referendum ordinances. In particular, demands for the enactment of referendum ordinances have been active since the 1990s, and referendums have been held on issues such as nuclear power plants and industrial waste.

[Nitagai Kamon]

Features

The resident movement has formed a unique form of movement compared to the political and labor movements in Japan after the Second World War, and has had a great influence on Japanese society. The following points can be cited as the uniqueness of this movement based on the content of the movement and the organization.

(1) What distinguishes it from existing social movements is that it is a movement that focuses on consumption rather than production. It has reexamined production mechanisms and politics from the perspective of consumer life and community life as areas of daily life.

(2) Whereas existing movements have developed through the reliance on ideology, leadership and organizations of existing reformers, residents' movements are independent movements that aim to resolve specific issues centered on private life. The energy that formed the impetus for residents' movements came from the examination of the political sphere through a reexamination of social life from the perspective of private life. It is for this reason that many residents' movements have raised the issue of criticizing the "public nature" of public works.

(3) There are various ways in which movements have been organized, ranging from those that have taken on existing groups (neighborhood associations, PTAs, agricultural cooperatives) to those that have attempted to organize new groups by becoming independent from existing groups.

(4) The greatest feature of the residents' movement is that it has not remained merely an opposition movement, but has developed into a movement that has formed a logic of opposition, created new values in life, and revolutionized the lives of its participants. As a large number of such movements have been formed, the underlying current of civic politics has changed, and there has been a demand for local politics with citizen participation.

[Nitagai Kamon]

"The Logic of Resident Movements," edited by Matsubara Jiro and Nitagai Kamon (1976, Gakuyo Shobo)" ▽ "Fighting Residents: Contemporary Resident Movements," written by Koyama Hirotake (1984, Shinsensha)" ▽ "Protecting the Living Environment: Amenities and Resident Movements," written by Kihara Keikichi (1992, Asahi Shimbun)" ▽ "Resident Movements and Peace Movements: Encyclopedia of Social History as Seen in Newspapers, Vol. 12," edited by the National Diet Library (1995, Ozorasha)" ▽ "Dawn of the Earth: Records of Postwar Resident Movements," written by Niimura Katsuo (1997, Ronshobo Publishing) ▽ "Environmental Monitoring as a Resident Movement," written by Hatakeyama Mitsuhiro (1998, Meiso Publishing)" ▽ "National Trust: Resident Movements to Protect the Natural and Historical Environment," written by Kihara Keikichi (1998, Sanseido)" ▽ "Niitsuma Futoshi and Uchida Tsukasa (eds.), "Community theory on urban-rural relations" (2000, Sofusha) " "'00 Kobe mayor recall movement records" publication committee (eds.), "Airport stop! Kobe citizens who did not stay silent" (2000) " "Konno Hiroaki, "Community formation in the inner city - town development by the residents of Mano, Kobe" (2001, Toshindo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地域生活の場で、階層や職業の差異を越えて、共通の地域生活の困難の解決を目的に結び付いた人々や集団の横の連帯に基づく運動をいう。資本主義の高度な発達下での資本の極端な生産主義は、中央集権的な国家権力を強化し、国民の生活基盤や自然環境を破壊させてきた。わが国では、1960年代中ごろ以降、公害反対運動、生活要求運動が全国的に展開されてきた。これらの運動は、地域生活と不可分な居住地で引き起こされてきたことから、住民運動とよばれている。この運動は、基本的には地域問題、生活問題をめぐる社会的緊張関係から生ずるものであるから、権力との対抗関係をも生み出す。したがって、地域社会の民主化のための住民の諸権利の主張や、地域づくりなどの住民参加を求める運動ともなってきた。

［似田貝香門］

沿革

近代日本社会の形成途上において典型的にみられたのは、足尾銅山をめぐる鉱害反対運動である。住民運動がとくに展開されたのは、1955年（昭和30）以降の高度経済成長による資本の強蓄積過程にみられた、全国的地域開発のときである。この時期は、工業開発が優先され、土地、水などの自然資源がこの過程で破壊を受け、水俣(みなまた)病、イタイイタイ病、四日市喘息(ぜんそく)などの公害反対運動や、幹線道路、空港、火力発電所、原子力発電所の建設など公共事業への反対運動が各地で展開された。この時期の住民運動の展開上の特徴は、先にあげた公害反対運動が、すでに公害を被ってしまったあとに救済要求として起こった運動（事後救済型の住民運動）であったのに対し、後者の公共事業反対運動は、このような環境破壊を引き起こさないようにあらかじめ予防する事前予防型の住民運動であった。

　1970年代に入ると、住民生活の基盤の整備の遅れがいっそう顕著となり、消費、住宅、交通、清掃、教育、福祉などの生活諸問題をめぐる生活要求運動が展開された。この展開のなかで、住民の基本的人権の権利要求、政治参加者としての自覚、公共事業に対する住民参加の制度要求など、種々の市民としての権利要求がみられ、同時に、全国に100以上の革新自治体を成立させていった。80年代に入ると、70年代の第一次、第二次オイル・ショックを機に、低経済成長期になり、公害反対運動は少なくなったが、逆に住環境の質向上を求め、都市や自然のアメニティ（住み心地のよい快適さ）を求める運動、障害者の自立化や外国人居住者の生活支援・文化相互理解などのマイノリティの住民運動や市民運動が加わり、他方で運動の成果を維持し、参加等を強調する住民活動・市民活動やNPO（民間非営利組織）やNGO（非政府組織）も増加してきた。また、市民による情報公開請求や住民投票条例制定を求める動きもある。とくに住民投票条例制定要求は1990年代以降活発で、原子力発電所や産業廃棄物問題などでは住民投票が実施されている。

［似田貝香門］

特徴

住民運動は、第二次世界大戦後の日本の政治運動や労働運動に対し独自の運動形態を形成し、多くの影響を日本社会にもたらしてきた。この独自性については、運動内容と組織内容から次の点をあげることができる。

(1)既存の社会運動との差異は、生産に対して消費の場からの運動であったことである。生活の場としての消費生活や地域生活から生産メカニズムや政治のあり方を見直してきた。

(2)既存の運動が、理念や既存革新のリーダーシップや組織に依存して展開されてきたのに対し、住民運動は、私的生活を中心とする具体的なテーマの解決を目ざす自前の運動であった。住民運動のきっかけを形成するエネルギーは、私的生活次元における社会生活の見直しから、政治の場を検証していったところにある。公共事業の「公共性」批判の論点が多くの住民運動から提起されたのは、こうした理由からである。

(3)運動の組織化には多様な展開がみられる。既存の集団（町内会、PTA、農協）などを丸抱えにして展開したものや、逆に、既存の集団から自立することによって新たな集団の組織化を試みたものまで多様である。

(4)住民運動の最大の特色は、単なる反対運動にとどまることなく、反対する論理を形成したり、新たな生活の価値を生み出して、参加者の生活革新を行いつつ運動が展開されてきたことにある。このような運動が多数形成されることによって、市民政治の底流が変化していき、市民参加の地域政治が望まれるようになった。

［似田貝香門］

『松原治郎・似田貝香門編著『住民運動の論理』（1976・学陽書房）』▽『小山弘健著『たたかう住民たち――現代住民運動』（1984・新泉社）』▽『木原啓吉著『暮らしの環境を守る――アメニティと住民運動』（1992・朝日新聞社）』▽『国立国会図書館編『住民運動と平和運動――新聞ニュースに見る社会史大事典　第12巻』（1995・大空社）』▽『新村勝雄著『大地の夜明け――戦後住民運動の記録』（1997・崙書房出版）』▽『畠山光弘著『住民運動としての環境監視』（1998・明窓出版）』▽『木原啓吉著『ナショナル・トラスト――自然と歴史的環境を守る住民運動』（1998・三省堂）』▽『新妻二男・内田司編著『都市・農村関係の地域社会論』（2000・創風社）』▽『「'00神戸市長リコール運動の記録」刊行委員会編・刊『空港ストップ！沈黙しなかった神戸市民』（2000）』▽『今野裕昭著『インナーシティのコミュニティ形成――神戸市真野住民のまちづくり』（2001・東信堂）』