It is a medically important phenomenon and symptom in which all the components of blood are released outside the blood vessels. Bleeding due to the rupture of the blood vessel wall is called rupture bleeding, which includes traumatic bleeding caused by trauma, erosive bleeding caused by tumors or inflammatory lesions that invade the blood vessel wall from the surroundings, and hypertensive bleeding caused by high blood pressure. On the other hand, leakage bleeding is when bleeding occurs from the endothelial junction of the blood vessels even without rupture of the blood vessel wall. This most frequently occurs in venules, especially in the area corresponding to the confluence of capillaries and venules. It is also likely to occur in so-called vascular diseases in which the interconnection of the endothelium of the blood vessels is impaired by vitamin C deficiency, bacterial toxins, allergies, etc. In addition, if there is an impairment at various stages of the blood clotting mechanism, blood clotting is inhibited, and bleeding called hemorrhagic diathesis is likely to occur, making it difficult to stop the bleeding. Bleeding can be divided into arterial, venous, and capillary bleeding depending on the type of blood vessel that is bleeding, and can be distinguished by the fact that arterial bleeding is bright red and pulsating, venous bleeding is dark red and appears to bubble up, and capillary bleeding appears to ooze out slowly. Bleeding can also be classified by size into pinpoint bleeding, which is seen on the skin and mucous membranes, ecchymosis, which is larger and resembles spots, and hematomas, which are large clusters of bleeding blood that appear as a mass. Furthermore, each type has a special name depending on the location of the bleeding. For example, bleeding from the nasal cavity, commonly known as nosebleed, is called epistaxis or sputum, bleeding from the lungs or bronchi that is coughed up is called hemoptysis, bleeding from the digestive tract such as the stomach or esophagus that is coughed up is called hematemesis, and bleeding from the anus is called stool. In addition, excessive menstruation is called menorrhagia, and bleeding from the uterus unrelated to menstruation is called uterine bleeding. Furthermore, bleeding in body cavities such as the pericardial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities that accumulate blood is called hemopericardium, hemothorax, and hemoperitoneum, respectively. In particular, when a rupture of myocardial infarction causes a large amount of bleeding (200 to 800 cc) into the pericardium, the resulting pressure can suppress cardiac function and lead to sudden death; this is called cardiac tamponade. Generally, bleeding that flows out of the body is called external bleeding, while blood that remains within tissues or body cavities is called internal bleeding. Blood loss due to bleeding is called blood loss, which can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the circumstances of the bleeding. Physiological blood loss occurs during menstruation and childbirth, with the amount of blood loss being approximately 50cc during menstruation and approximately 300cc during childbirth. It is generally said that a healthy adult will die from blood loss if they lose more than 2000cc, which is half of their total blood volume. Even a small amount of bleeding that continues for a long time can lead to anemia, and rapid large amounts of bleeding can lead to shock. When dealing with bleeding, it is important to take appropriate measures to stop the bleeding and replenish the blood volume through blood transfusions and fluid infusions. [Yutaka Watanabe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
血液のすべての成分が血管の外に出ることで、医学的に重要な現象であり、症状でもある。血管壁が破綻(はたん)して出血する場合を破綻性出血とよび、これには、外傷による外傷性出血、腫瘍(しゅよう)や炎症の病変によって血管壁が周囲から侵されておこる侵食性出血、血圧の亢進(こうしん)が血管壁の破綻をおこす血圧亢進性出血が含まれる。一方、血管壁の破綻がなくても、血管の内皮の接合部から漏れるように出血する場合を漏出性出血という。これは、細静脈、ことに毛細血管と細静脈との合流部に相当する領域でもっともしばしばおこる。また、ビタミンCの欠乏や細菌毒素、アレルギーなどによって血管内皮の相互結合が障害された、いわゆる血管病の際にもおこりやすい。このほか、血液の凝固機転の種々な段階において障害がおこれば、血液の凝固が阻止されて、出血性素質とよばれる出血が生じやすく、止血しにくい状態となる。 出血は、出血する血管の種類によって、動脈性出血、静脈性出血、毛細管性出血に分けられ、実際に、動脈からの出血は鮮紅色で拍動を有し、静脈からの出血は暗赤色でわいてくるように認められ、毛細管性の出血はじわじわとしみ出すようにみえるなどで区別できる。また、出血は、その大きさによって、皮膚・粘膜などにみられる帽針頭大の大きさを示す点状出血、それより大きく斑点(はんてん)状の斑状出血、および出血した血液がひとかたまりになり腫瘤(しゅりゅう)状として認められる程度の血腫とに分類される。さらに出血の部位によって、それぞれ特別の名称がつけられている。たとえば、鼻腔(びくう)からの出血、つまり俗にいう鼻血は鼻(び)出血あるいは衄血(じくけつ)とよばれ、肺・気管支などから出血して吐き出されたものは喀血(かっけつ)であり、胃・食道などの消化管から出血して吐き出されたものは吐血(とけつ)、逆に肛門(こうもん)から排出されるものは下血(げけつ)とよび分けられている。また、月経の過剰なときは月経過多、月経とは無関係に子宮から出血する場合は子宮出血という。さらに心嚢(しんのう)腔、胸腔、腹腔などの体腔に出血して血液がたまっている状態を、それぞれ血心嚢、血胸(けっきょう)、血腹(けっぷく)とよぶ習慣がある。とくに心筋梗塞(こうそく)の破裂などによって心嚢内に200~800ccの多量の出血をきたすと、この圧迫により心機能が抑制されて急死することがあるが、これは心タンポナーデといわれる。 一般に出血した血液が体外に流出するものを外出血、組織内あるいは体腔内にとどまっている場合を内出血と総称している。出血などによって血液が失われた状態を失血とよぶが、これには、出血の状況により急性失血と慢性失血とがある。生理的状態における失血としては月経と分娩(ぶんべん)があり、その出血量は月経で約50cc、分娩で約300ccとされている。一般に健康成人では全血量の半分にあたる約2000cc以上を失うと失血死をきたすといわれている。出血が少量でも持続しておこれば貧血をきたし、大量の出血が急速におこればショック状態となる。出血に対しては適切な止血処置と輸血・輸液による血液量の補給が重要である。 [渡辺 裕] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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