An exact frequency that is the standard for frequency measurement. Frequency is the number of times a periodic phenomenon repeats per second, and is measured in Hertz (Hz). Thus, the frequency standard can also be used as the time standard. The frequency standard is defined by taking the frequency of the natural resonant vibration of the cesium atom to be 9,192,631,770 Hz, while the time standard is defined by taking the time required for the natural resonant vibration to repeat 9,192,631,770 times as 1 second. This kind of time standard based on atomic vibration is called atomic time, and has been used worldwide since 1967 as a much more precise standard than the previous one based on the Earth's rotation and revolution. There are two types of frequency standards: primary and secondary. The former are capable of realizing a reference value for frequency by themselves without the need for calibration with other standards, and a typical example is the laboratory-type cesium atomic frequency standard (atomic clock). Currently, this type of standard has an accuracy of one part in ten trillion (an error of one second in 300,000 years). The latter are standards that require frequency calibration using a primary standard or standard radio wave, and include portable cesium atomic standards, rubidium atomic standards, and quartz oscillators, whose frequencies change slightly over time. In order to provide public use with frequency and time standards, which are essential in all fields of social activity, including science and technology, industry, communications, and transportation, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) emits standard radio waves on long waves (call sign JJY) based on its primary standard device. [Noboru Wakai] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周波数測定の基準となる正確な周波数。周波数は、周期的現象が1秒間に繰り返される回数であり、単位はヘルツ(Hz)を使う。したがって、周波数の標準は時間の標準とすることもできる。すなわち周波数の基準は、セシウム原子の固有共鳴振動の周波数を、91億9263万1770ヘルツとすることにより規定され、一方、時間の基準は、その固有共鳴振動の91億9263万1770回の繰り返しに要する時間を1秒とすることで定義される。このような原子振動に基づく時間の標準は原子時といわれ、それまでの地球の自転や公転に基づくものよりも、はるかに精密な標準として、1967年以来世界的に用いられている。 周波数標準には一次標準と二次標準とがある。前者は、他の標準で校正をしなくても、それ自身で周波数の基準値が実現できるもので、実験室型のセシウム原子周波数標準器(原子時計)はその代表例である。現在、この型の標準器の正確さは10兆分の1(30万年に1秒の誤差)に達している。後者は、一次標準や標準電波による周波数の校正が必要な標準器で、わずかながら周波数が経年変化をするような可搬型のセシウム原子標準器、ルビジウム原子標準器、水晶発振器などがこれに属する。 科学技術、産業、通信、交通など社会活動のあらゆる分野で不可欠な周波数と時間の標準を一般の利用に供するため、情報通信研究機構(NICT)では、同所の一次標準器に基づいて長波(呼出符号JJY)の標準電波を発射している。 [若井 登] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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