Attorney - Bengonin

Japanese: 弁護人 - べんごにん
Attorney - Bengonin

A defense attorney is a person appointed in criminal proceedings whose sole task is to provide defense for suspects and defendants. Defense here refers to defending the legitimate interests of suspects and defendants in proceedings. When defending the interests of suspects and defendants, a distinction is made between substantive defense and formal defense. Investigative agencies also have an obligation to investigate facts that benefit suspects and defendants, and judges also have an obligation to defend their interests. This is called substantive defense. In the case of a litigation structure based on official authority, substantive defense is the content of the right to defense. In contrast, defense by a defense attorney is called formal defense. In particular, in a litigation structure based on party principle, formal defense is central to the right to defense. In Japanese criminal proceedings, which adopt a litigation structure based on party principle, the right of a suspect or defendant to request a defense attorney and receive effective defense from the defense attorney can be called the right to defense.

[Soriichi Taguchi April 18, 2018]

History of expansion of the right to defense

The history of the expansion of the right to defense is the history of criminal proceedings itself. In Japan, the defense attorney system was first established under the Criminal Justice Act of 1880 (Meiji 13), but only defendants in court could request a defense attorney. The Taisho Criminal Procedure Code of 1922 (Taisho 11) made it possible to request a defense attorney even at the pretrial stage after indictment, and the current law of 1948 (Showa 23) allows suspects to request a defense attorney as well.

Article 34 of the Constitution guarantees the right of detained persons to request the appointment of a defense lawyer, and the Code of Criminal Procedure requires that a suspect who is detained may designate a lawyer or a bar association to the court or the head of the penal institution to appoint a defense lawyer, and the head of the court or the penal institution shall immediately notify the lawyer or the bar association (Article 207, paragraph 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies mutatis mutandis to suspects under Article 78 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which applies to defendants). However, in this case, the suspect cannot appoint a defense lawyer unless the lawyer agrees to this. Therefore, when a suspect wishes to appoint a defense lawyer, a criminal defense lawyer recommendation system or an on-duty lawyer system has been implemented, in which the bar association recommends a specific lawyer, but in this case the defense lawyer is a private lawyer, and suspects who do not have the financial means cannot appoint a defense lawyer. The system of assistance for defense lawyers for criminal suspects to compensate for this has also been insufficient.

The judicial system reforms of the 2000s brought about fundamental reforms to the guarantee of the right to defense for suspects. In 2004, the revised Code of Criminal Procedure established a system of court-appointed defense attorneys for suspects, and the newly enacted Comprehensive Legal Support Act established the Japan Legal Support Center (nicknamed "Ho-terasu") as the operator of the public defense system, with the government providing capital. These reforms established a consistent defense system from the suspect to the defendant stage.

[Soriichi Taguchi April 18, 2018]

The accused's lawyer

There are private attorneys and state-appointed attorneys. The people who have the right to appoint a private attorney are the suspect (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 30, Paragraph 1), as well as the suspect's legal representative, guardian, spouse, lineal relatives, and siblings (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 30, Paragraph 2). In principle, a defense attorney is selected from among lawyers (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 31, Paragraph 1), but a non-lawyer may be selected as a special defense attorney with the permission of the court (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 31, Paragraph 2). However, precedent has stated that the selection of a special defense attorney is permitted only after a public prosecution has been filed. To appoint a private defense attorney, a document signed by the suspect and defense attorney is submitted to the public prosecutor or judicial police officer (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 17). If the suspect is in custody, as mentioned above, the suspect applies to the head of the penal institution for the selection of a defense attorney. If the suspect is in custody, the suspect is notified of his or her right to select a defense attorney (Criminal Procedure Law, Articles 203, 204, 211, and 216). In such cases, in order to better guarantee the right to select a defense counsel for suspects in custody, the 2016 amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure stipulated that, when informing a suspect of the right to select a defense counsel, the investigative agency must inform the suspect that he or she may specify a lawyer, law firm or bar association to request the selection of a defense counsel, and inform the suspect of the place to which such a request should be made (Article 203, paragraph 3 and Article 204, paragraph 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The suspect's public defender system can be based on the suspect's request or on the suspect's own initiative. When a warrant of detention has been issued for a suspect, and the suspect is unable to appoint a defense attorney due to poverty or other reasons, the judge must assign a defense attorney to the suspect upon the suspect's request (Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the same law). Until the 2016 amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure, cases in which the appointment of a public defender could be requested were limited to cases involving the death penalty or life imprisonment or imprisonment for a maximum term of three years or more, but the amendment to the law removed this limitation, and the appointment of a public defender can now be requested for all cases under certain conditions. In order to ensure the suspect's right to request the appointment of a public defender, the prosecutor must inform the suspect of the various matters related to the request for the appointment of a public defender (the right to request the appointment of a public defender, financial requirements, the principle of the prior appointment of a private attorney, how to apply and where to apply, etc.) when requesting detention (Article 204, Paragraph 3 of the same law). In addition, the judge who receives the request for detention must also inform the suspect of the various matters related to the request for the appointment of a public defender (Article 207, Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the same law). The judge may appoint a public defender on his/her own initiative when he/she deems it necessary for a suspect who is suspected to have difficulty in determining whether or not he/she needs a defense attorney due to mental disability or other reasons (Article 37, Paragraph 4 of the same law).

The rights of a defense attorney during the investigation stage include the right to meet with the accused, the right to request disclosure of the reasons for detention, the right to request the cancellation of detention, the right to appeal against decisions regarding detention and seizure, etc., the right to appeal against restrictions on visits and seizure measures, etc., and the right to request the preservation of evidence.

[Soriichi Taguchi April 18, 2018]

Defendant's lawyer

The procedure for appointing a private attorney is essentially the same as for a private attorney for a suspect. A public attorney may be mandatory or optional.

There are two types of mandatory public defenders: at the request of the defendant and at the discretion of the court. In the case of appointment at request, when the defendant is unable to appoint a defense lawyer due to poverty or other reasons, the court will assign a public defender at the defendant's request (Article 36 of the same law), and this is a public defender system based on Article 37, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution. In the case of appointment at discretion, when a case involving the death penalty or life imprisonment or incarceration or imprisonment for a maximum term exceeding three years (so-called mandatory defense cases) is tried, the court cannot open the trial without a defense lawyer (Article 289, Paragraph 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), so when there is no defense lawyer or there is a defense lawyer but he or she does not appear, the court will appoint a defense lawyer at its discretion (Article 289, Paragraph 2 of the same law).

Voluntary public defender means that when a defendant is a minor, or is over 70 years old, or is otherwise in need of protection, and the defendant does not have a lawyer, the court can, of its own accord, assign a lawyer to him or her (Article 37 of the same law).

The rights of a defense attorney include, as their inherent rights, the right to meet with the defendant, the right to inspect and copy legal documents and evidence, the right to be present for expert witness examinations, and the right to defend in appeal trials. Rights shared with the defendant include the right to be present at the execution of search and seizure warrants, the right to be present for inspections, the right to make final statements at the first instance trial, and the right to question co-defendants. In addition to the comprehensive right of representation, which allows the defense attorney to represent the defendant in all litigation actions that he or she may take, as long as it is not against the defendant's will, there is also the right of representation that is permitted even against the defendant's will (so-called independent right of representation), which includes the right to request disclosure of the reason for detention, the right to cancel detention or to be released on bail, the right to request the preservation of evidence, the right to request a change in the trial date, the right to request the examination of evidence, and the right to file an objection.

[Soriichi Taguchi April 18, 2018]

[Reference items] | Criminal procedure | Public defender | Official authority | Right to visit | Comprehensive legal assistance law | Litigation representative | Criminal law | Party principle | Duty lawyer system | Special defense lawyer | Suspect | Defendant | Right to defense | Lawyer | Bar association | Legal support center

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

刑事訴訟において選任され、もっぱら被疑者・被告人のために弁護をなすことを任務とする者をいう。ここにいう弁護とは、訴訟において被疑者・被告人の正当な利益を擁護することである。被疑者・被告人の利益を擁護するについては、実質的弁護と形式的弁護とに区別される。捜査機関も被疑者・被告人の利益となる事実を捜査する義務があるし、裁判官もその利益を擁護する義務がある。これを実質的弁護とよぶ。職権主義の訴訟構造からすれば、実質的弁護が弁護権の内容となる。これに対して、弁護人による弁護を形式的弁護とよぶ。とくに当事者主義の訴訟構造の下では、形式的弁護が弁護権の中心となる。当事者主義の訴訟構造を採用している日本の刑事訴訟においては、被疑者・被告人が弁護人を依頼し、弁護人から有効な弁護を受けることのできる権利を弁護権とよぶことができる。

[田口守一 2018年4月18日]

弁護権拡充の歴史

弁護権拡充の歴史は、刑事訴訟の歴史そのものであった。日本においても、1880年(明治13)の治罪法の下で初めて弁護人制度ができたが、弁護人を依頼できるのは公判被告人のみであった。1922年(大正11)の大正刑事訴訟法によって起訴後であれば予審段階でも弁護人を依頼することができるようになり、1948年(昭和23)の現行法に至って被疑者も弁護人を依頼することができるようになった。

 憲法第34条は、身柄を拘束された者の弁護人依頼権を保障し、刑事訴訟法では、身柄を拘束されている被疑者は、裁判所・刑事施設の長等に弁護士または弁護士会を指定して弁護人の選任を申し出て、裁判所・刑事施設の長等がただちにこれを弁護士または弁護士会に通知することとなっている(刑事訴訟法207条1項により、被告人に関する同法78条が、被疑者にも準用される)。しかし、この場合、弁護士がこれに応じない限り被疑者は弁護人を選任することはできない。そこで、被疑者が弁護人の選任を希望した場合に、弁護士会が特定の弁護士を推薦する刑事弁護人推薦制度や当番弁護士制度が実施されてきたが、この場合の弁護人は私選弁護人であり、資力のない被疑者は弁護人を選任することはできなかった。これを補う刑事被疑者弁護人援助制度も十分でなかった。

 このような被疑者に対する弁護権の保障を抜本的に改革したのが、2000年代の司法制度改革である。2004年(平成16)、改正刑事訴訟法が被疑者に対する国選弁護人制度を創設するとともに、新たに制定された総合法律支援法は公的弁護制度の運営主体として日本司法支援センター(愛称「法テラス」)を設置して、その資本金は政府が出資するものとした。これらの改革により、被疑者段階と被告人段階を通じて一貫した弁護体制が整備された。

[田口守一 2018年4月18日]

被疑者の弁護人

私選弁護人と国選弁護人とがある。私選弁護人の選任権者は、被疑者(刑事訴訟法30条1項)のほか、被疑者の法定代理人、保佐人、配偶者、直系の親族および兄弟姉妹である(同法30条2項)。弁護人は、弁護士のなかから選任するのが原則であるが(同法31条1項)、裁判所の許可を得て、弁護士でない者を特別弁護人として選任することができる(同法31条2項)。ただし、判例は、特別弁護人の選任が許されるのは、公訴が提起された後に限られるとしている。私選弁護人を選任するには、被疑者と弁護人が連署した書面を検察官または司法警察員に提出して行う(刑事訴訟規則17条)。身柄を拘束されている場合には、前述したように、刑事施設の長等に弁護人の選任を申し出る。被疑者が身柄を拘束されている場合には、被疑者に対する弁護人選任権の告知がなされる(刑事訴訟法203条、204条、211条、216条)。この場合、身柄拘束を受けている被疑者の弁護人選任権の保障をより確実なものとするために、2016年の刑事訴訟法改正により、捜査機関は弁護人選任権の告知の際に、弁護士、弁護士法人または弁護士会を指定して弁護人の選任を申し出ることができることおよびその申出先を教示しなければならないこととされた(同法203条3項、204条2項)。

 被疑者の国選弁護人制度は、被疑者の請求による場合と職権による場合とがある。請求による選任は、被疑者に対して勾留状(こうりゅうじょう)が発せられている場合において、被疑者が貧困その他の事由により弁護人を選任することができないとき、裁判官が、その請求により被疑者のために弁護人を付さなければならないとされている(同法37条の2第1項)。2016年の刑事訴訟法改正までは、国選弁護人の選任を請求できる事件が死刑または無期もしくは長期3年以上の懲役もしくは禁錮にあたる事件に限られていたが、上記法改正によりこの限定がなくなり、すべての事件について一定要件の下で国選弁護人の選任を請求することができることとなった。被疑者の国選弁護人の選任請求権をより確実なものとするために、検察官は、被疑者の勾留請求の際に、国選弁護人選任請求に関する諸事項(国選弁護人選任請求権、資力要件、私選弁護人前置主義、申出方および申出先等)を教示しなければならない(同法204条3項)。また、勾留の請求を受けた裁判官も、同じく国選弁護人選任請求に関する諸事項を教示しなければならない(同法207条2項・3項)。職権による選任は、裁判官が、精神上の障害その他の事由により弁護人を必要とするかどうかを判断することが困難である疑いがある被疑者について、必要があると認めるときになされる(同法37条の4)。

 捜査段階における弁護人の権利としては、接見交通権、勾留理由開示請求権、勾留取消請求権、勾留・押収等の裁判に対する準抗告権、接見制限・押収処分等に対する準抗告権、証拠保全請求権などがある。

[田口守一 2018年4月18日]

被告人の弁護人

私選弁護人の選任手続は、基本的に被疑者の私選弁護人の場合と同じである。国選弁護人には、必要的な場合と任意的な場合がある。

 必要的国選弁護には、被告人の請求による場合と職権による場合とがある。請求による選任は、被告人が貧困その他の事由により弁護人を選任することができないとき、裁判所が、その請求により国選弁護人を付する(同法36条)というもので、憲法第37条第3項に基づく国選弁護制度である。職権による選任は、死刑または無期もしくは長期3年を超える懲役もしくは禁錮にあたる事件(いわゆる必要的弁護事件)を審理する場合には、弁護人がいなければ開廷することができない(刑事訴訟法289条1項)ため、弁護人がいないか、弁護人がいても不出頭のときに、裁判所が職権で弁護人を付する(同法289条2項)ものである。

 任意的国選弁護は、被告人が未成年であるとき、年齢70歳以上であるとき等、とくに保護を要する被告人であって、その被告人に弁護人がいないとき等には、裁判所は職権で弁護人を付することができる(同法37条)というものである。

 弁護人の権利としては、その固有権として、接見交通権、訴訟書類・証拠物の閲覧謄写権、鑑定立会権、上訴審における弁護権などがある。被告人と重複する権利として、捜索差押状の執行立会権、検証立会権、第一審公判における最終陳述権、共同被告人に対する質問権などがある。代理権としては、被告人の意思に反しない限り、被告人のなしうるすべての訴訟行為を代理することができる包括的代理権のほか、被告人の意思に反しても許される代理権(いわゆる独立代理権)として、勾留理由開示請求権、勾留取消しまたは保釈請求権、証拠保全請求権、公判期日変更請求権、証拠調請求権、異議申立権などがある。

[田口守一 2018年4月18日]

[参照項目] | 刑事訴訟 | 国選弁護人 | 職権主義 | 接見交通権 | 総合法律支援法 | 訴訟代理人 | 治罪法 | 当事者主義 | 当番弁護士制度 | 特別弁護人 | 被疑者 | 被告人 | 弁護権 | 弁護士 | 弁護士会 | 法テラス

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