Torrential rain - shuchuugou

Japanese: 集中豪雨 - しゅうちゅうごうう
Torrential rain - shuchuugou

Heavy rainfall that falls locally in a short period of time. The term was used by media organizations from the 1950s, but is now widely used by the general public. The world's highest hourly rainfall was 305 mm (42 minutes) observed in Missouri, USA in 1947, but the highest rainfall in Japan was 187.0 mm in Nagayo Town, Nishisonogi County, Nagasaki Prefecture, during a heavy rainfall on July 23, 1982 (Showa 57). Heavy rainfall often accompanies fronts, typhoons, and thunderstorms. This is because hot and humid air moving north from the southern ocean to near Japan forms unstable atmospheric conditions due to fronts and cold air over Japan, forming huge cumulonimbus clouds and causing heavy rain. Therefore, heavy rainfall occurs seasonally during the warm season from early summer to autumn.

Damage occurs when the rainfall exceeds 50 millimeters per hour, but in urban suburbs, as residential land is developed on sloping land, landslides begin to occur with rainfall of about 20 millimeters per hour, and the damage increases sharply when the rainfall exceeds 40 millimeters. In addition to the Nagasaki Heavy Rain (1982), other famous torrential rains in Japan include the Isahaya Heavy Rain (1957), the Hida River Heavy Rain (1968), in which two buses fell into the Hida River due to a landslide caused by heavy rain mainly in Gifu Prefecture, and the July 1972 Heavy Rain (1972, sometimes abbreviated as the "47-7 Heavy Rain"), in which a large number of people died due to a large-scale landslide from western Japan to southern Kanto.

The Japan Meteorological Agency has installed observation equipment such as wind profilers that can observe wind direction and speed in the sky every 10 minutes to predict localized weather phenomena such as torrential rain. Since 2003, detailed predictions have been made by using a "non-hydrostatic model" that has a narrow grid spacing and accurately represents the actual atmospheric conditions, and can calculate future atmospheric conditions directly. Until then, the "hydrostatic model," which assumes that the atmosphere does not move up and down rapidly, was used because the non-hydrostatic model requires a huge amount of calculations and does not provide detailed observational data, so it was only possible to predict torrential rain on a local scale, such as in the Kanto region.

[Takao Ando and Yoh Nomura]

"Rain and Mesosystems: Exploring the Mechanisms of Heavy Rainfall" by Ninomiya Kozo (1981, Tokyodo Publishing)""Heavy Rain and Flood Disaster Prevention" edited by Takahashi Hiroshi, Kinoshita Takeo, Uehara Shigeji, Fujita Hisao, Komatsu Shoichi, and Yamaguchi Takashi (1987, Hakua Shobo)""The Science of Weather: Protecting Yourself from Meteorological Disasters" by Ogura Yoshimitsu (1994, Morikita Publishing)""Predicting and Countermeasures for Meteorological Disasters" by Nobumura Yo (2002, Ohmsha)"

[Reference items] | Rain | Isahaya heavy rain | Thunder | Heavy rain | Updraft | Cumulonimbus cloud| Front | Typhoon | Flood damage

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

短時間に局地的に降る大雨。昭和30年代から報道機関によって用いられた用語であるが、現在では広く一般に使われるようになった。1時間程度の雨量では、1947年アメリカのミズーリ州で観測された305ミリメートル(42分間)を世界で最高の記録とするが、日本では1982年(昭和57)7月23日の豪雨の際の長崎県西彼杵(にしそのぎ)郡長与町における187.0ミリメートルが最高である。集中豪雨は、前線、台風、雷に伴うことが多い。これは南方洋上から日本付近に北上する高温多湿な空気が、日本上空の前線や寒気によって不安定な大気状態を形成し、巨大な積乱雲となり豪雨を降らせるためである。したがって季節的には初夏から秋までの暖候期に集中豪雨はおこる。

 およそ1時間に50ミリメートル以上になると被害を伴うが、都市近郊では傾斜地などに宅地の造成が行われるようになったため、1時間に20ミリメートル程度の降雨で土砂崩れがおこり始め、40ミリメートルを超えるとその被害が急増する。日本で有名な集中豪雨としては長崎豪雨(1982)のほか、諫早(いさはや)豪雨(1957)、岐阜県を中心とした大雨による山崩れでバス2台が飛騨(ひだ)川に転落した飛騨川豪雨(1968)、西日本から関東南部にかけて大規模な山崖(さんがい)崩れで多数の死者が出た昭和47年7月豪雨(1972。略して「四七・七豪雨(よんななななごうう)」とよばれることがある)などがある。

 気象庁では、集中豪雨など局地的に現れる気象現象の予測のために、上空の風向・風速を10分ごとに観測できるウィンドプロファイラなどの観測機器を整備している。2003年(平成15)からは、格子間隔が狭くて実際の大気のようすを的確に表現している「非静力学モデル」を用いてコンピュータで将来の大気のようすを計算し、詳細な予測を行っているため、積乱雲に伴う上昇気流を直接計算することができる。それまで、大気が急速に上下運動をしないと仮定した「静力学モデル」を用いていたのは、非静力学モデルが膨大な計算を必要とする方法であることや、きめの細かな観測値が得られなかったためで、たとえば、関東地方というように地方的な規模での集中豪雨の予測は可能というレベルにとどまっていた。

[安藤隆夫・饒村 曜]

『二宮洸三著『雨とメソ・システム 集中豪雨のメカニズムを探る』(1981・東京堂出版)』『高橋博・木下武雄・植原茂次・藤田寿雄・小松章一・山口高志編『豪雨・洪水防災』(1987・白亜書房)』『小倉義光著『お天気の科学――気象災害から身を守るために』(1994・森北出版)』『饒村曜著『気象災害の予測と対策』(2002・オーム社)』

[参照項目] | | 諫早豪雨 | | 豪雨 | 上昇気流 | 積乱雲 | 前線 | 台風 | 風水害

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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