Aberration

Japanese: 収差 - しゅうさ(英語表記)aberration
Aberration

When an optical system forms an image that deviates from the ideal image, the deviation from this ideal image is called aberration. When light rays emitted from one point do not converge to one point, resulting in a blurred image, or when the image surface is not flat but curved, or when the image is distorted, the image is said to have aberration. The most intuitive way to express aberration is as the deviation of the intersection of the considered light rays and the ideal image surface from the ideal image point. This is called ray aberration or transverse aberration. Also, the deviation between a sphere centered on the ideal image point and a wavefront converging toward the actual image point is measured along the light rays, and this is called wavefront aberration. The former has traditionally been used because it is intuitive and relatively easy to calculate. Recently, the latter has also come to be used due to the advancement of computers. There are various names for aberration, but in reality they often occur simultaneously. To theoretically treat aberration, it is expanded into a polynomial of appropriate variables, and each term in this expansion corresponds to a specific aberration. The third-order terms in the expansion correspond to the five aberrations known as Seidel's five aberrations. Spherical aberration and coma aberration appear for points on the optical axis and for points close to the optical axis, respectively. In contrast, astigmatism, curvature of the image field, and image distortion are aberrations that occur more significantly for points far from the optical axis. Astigmatism occurs when the wavefront converging toward the image point is not spherical, but a curved surface whose curvature changes depending on the direction. In this case, the image of a point is not a point, but two small line segments that are perpendicular to each other and located at different positions. When this aberration occurs in the human eye, it becomes astigmatism.

All of the above aberrations occur even when the light used is monochromatic. However, when light is made up of many wavelengths, the refractive index differs depending on the wavelength, and chromatic aberration occurs, in which the position and size of the image differs depending on the wavelength of the light. Chromatic aberration occurs only in lenses, and does not appear in reflecting mirrors.

[Kazuo Miyake]

[Reference] | Chromatic Aberration
Definition of Ray Aberration
©Shogakukan ">

Definition of Ray Aberration

Definition of Wavefront Aberration
©Shogakukan ">

Definition of Wavefront Aberration

Image appearance when coma aberration is present
©Shogakukan ">

Image appearance when coma aberration is present

How astigmatism occurs
©Shogakukan ">

How astigmatism occurs


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

光学系が理想的な結像から外れた結像をするとき、この理想的な像からの偏差のことを収差という。1点から出た光線が1点に集まらずにぼけた像を生じたり、像面が平坦(へいたん)でなく曲がっていたり、像がゆがんだりすることを、像に収差があるという。収差のいちばん直観的な表し方は、考えている光線と理想的像面との交点の、理想的な像点からのずれで表す。これを光線収差または横収差(よこしゅうさ)という。また理想像点を中心とする球面と、現実の像点に向かって収束していく波面との偏差を光線に沿って測り、これを波面収差という。直観的で計算が比較的容易という理由で、従来前者が用いられてきた。最近、計算機の進歩により後者も利用されるようになった。いろいろな呼び名の収差があるが、実際にはそれらが同時に生じていることが多い。収差を理論的に取り扱うには、適当な変数の多項式に展開することが行われ、この展開の各項がそれぞれ固有の収差に対応している。展開の三次の項はザイデルの五収差とよばれる五つの収差に対応する。球面収差、コマ収差は、それぞれ光軸上の点および光軸の近くの点に対して現れる。これに対し非点収差、像面の曲がり、像のゆがみは、光軸から離れた点に対して顕著におこる収差である。非点収差は、像点に向かって収束していく波面が球面でなく、方向によって曲率が変化する曲面になっているために生じる収差である。この場合、点の像が点でなく、二つの互いに垂直で異なる位置にある小線分となる。この収差が人間の目に生じたものが乱視である。

 以上の各収差は、使用する光が単色光のときにも生ずる収差である。それに対して光が多くの波長の光からなっていると、屈折率が波長によって違うために、像の位置および大きさが光の波長によって異なる色収差が現れる。色収差はレンズにおいてのみ生じ、反射鏡では現れない。

[三宅和夫]

[参照項目] | 色収差
光線収差の定義
©Shogakukan">

光線収差の定義

波面収差の定義
©Shogakukan">

波面収差の定義

コマ収差があるときの像のようす
©Shogakukan">

コマ収差があるときの像のようす

非点収差の生ずるようす
©Shogakukan">

非点収差の生ずるようす


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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