It refers to art created for religious purposes, and often includes all fields such as architecture, painting, sculpture, crafts, and calligraphy. Its history dates back to ancient times, and for example, the cows and god statues carved into seals from the Indus civilization could be called religious art if they had a magical meaning, and similarly, the cave paintings at Lascaux and Altamira are recognized to have a primitive religious nature. In other words, in primitive art, regardless of whether it is Eastern or Western, religious meanings, in other words, awe and prayer to superhuman beings, are expressed through plastic means. As religious art began to take a clear shape in the historical era, differences and commonalities between religions were revealed, or they exerted their own characteristics while influencing each other. In Buddhism, the deified statue of Shaka was first made around the end of the 1st century AD, and until then it was symbolized by a halo, a jeweled tree, footprints, etc. In early Christianity, it was often symbolized by a lamb, a dove, or a fish. This is because it was considered a desecration of the deity to represent both Shaka and Christ, beings with infinite spiritual power and surrealism, in human form. It is believed that the same reason is why Islam and Judaism reject idol worship. When Buddhism was influenced by Hellenistic art and began to make statues of Buddha, human statues of Shaka spread art with strong ethnic characteristics throughout East Asia. On the other hand, Islam forbids concrete human representation, but on the other hand, it began to show a variety of developments in decorative art, such as flowers and geometric patterns. In Europe, Christian art became mainstream through the Middle Ages and the early modern period, and Western art seems to be dominated by Christianity. In contrast, in Asia, in addition to Buddhism and Islam, art based on religions such as Zoroastrianism, Jainism, Hinduism, Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), Taoism, and in Japan, Shintoism has been produced in each region. The characteristic of religious art, compared to pure art for viewing purposes, is that it must not be realistic or sensual, but must unconditionally evoke reverence for God and provide religious stimulation. It is based on the Christian Bible and Buddhist scriptures, but the expression of their contents requires a great leap of the artist's imagination. In China, paintings have been produced purely for the purpose of viewing since ancient times, but it is no exaggeration to say that most of this long history of humankind is the history of religious art. [Shinichi Nagai] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
宗教上の目的でつくられた美術のことで、建築、絵画、彫刻、工芸、書などあらゆる分野が含まれることが多い。その歴史は古くさかのぼり、たとえば、インダス文明のシール(封印)などに刻まれた牛や神像なども、呪術(じゅじゅつ)的な意味をもつものであれば宗教美術とよんでもよいわけで、同様に、ラスコーやアルタミラの洞窟(どうくつ)絵画についても原初的な宗教性が認められる。つまり原始美術にあっては、洋の東西を問わず、宗教性、換言すれば、超人間的存在に対する畏怖(いふ)、祈願といったものを造形的手段を用いて表現している。 歴史時代に入り、宗教美術が明確な形をもつようになると、各宗教には相違する点、共通する点が示され、あるいは相互に影響を及ぼしながら特色を発揮する。仏教では、神格化された釈迦(しゃか)像は紀元1世紀末ころに初めてつくられ、それまでは宝輪、宝樹、足跡などをもって象徴されていた。またキリスト教でも初期には小羊、鳩(はと)、魚などで象徴的に表されることが多かった。それは、釈迦でもキリストでも超現実的な無限な霊威を備えた存在を、人間の形をもって表すことは神格の冒涜(ぼうとく)であるとみなされたからである。イスラム教やユダヤ教が偶像崇拝を拒否するのも同じ理由によると思われる。仏教がヘレニズム美術の影響を受けて仏像をつくるに及び、人間としての釈迦像は東アジア各地に民族性の濃い美術を普及させた。一方イスラム教は具体的な人間表出を禁ずる反面、草花や幾何学文様など装飾美術に多様な展開をみせるようになった。 ヨーロッパにおいては、中世、近世を経てキリスト教美術が主流となり、西欧美術はキリスト教一色に塗りつぶされている感があるのに対し、アジアにおいては、仏教、イスラム教のほかにもゾロアスター教、ジャイナ教、ヒンドゥー教、チベット仏教(ラマ教)、道教、あるいはわが国の神道(しんとう)など、地域によって宗教を基盤にした美術がつくられてきた。 宗教美術の特性は、鑑賞用の純粋美術と比べ、現実的、感覚的であってはならず、神への崇敬を無条件に呼び起こす、宗教的刺激を与えるものでなければならない。キリスト教の聖書、仏教の経典などがよりどころになってつくられるものであるが、その内容の表出には作者のイマジネーションの大きな飛躍が要求される。中国では古くから純粋に鑑賞を目的とする絵画が描かれたが、人類の歴史からみれば、その長い歴史のほとんどは宗教美術の歴史といっても過言ではない。 [永井信一] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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