Organic chemistry - yuuki kagaku (English spelling) organic chemistry

Japanese: 有機化学 - ゆうきかがく(英語表記)organic chemistry
Organic chemistry - yuuki kagaku (English spelling) organic chemistry

This refers to a branch of chemistry that studies the separation and identification of organic compounds, as well as their structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis. It is the counterpart of inorganic chemistry. The terms "organic compound" and "organic chemistry" are said to have been first used by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1806. At that time, it was believed that organic compounds were created by the life force of living organisms, so organic chemistry involved isolating and refining natural organic compounds obtained from the animal and plant kingdoms and determining their composition and structural formula. In 1828, the German chemist Wöhler succeeded in creating urea, a known organic compound, from the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, overturning the conventional idea that "organic compounds can only be created by the life force within living organisms."


Since then, the synthesis of new and useful organic compounds has become a trend in organic chemistry, and the synthesis of indigo by Bayer in Germany and dyes such as alizarin by Perkin in England were already performed in the second half of the 19th century, laying the foundations of organic synthetic chemistry. After that, the synthesis of new organic compounds and the research of their reactions became the mainstream of organic chemistry, and the structures of natural products such as sugars, alkaloids, and terpenes were determined by synthesis. On the other hand, new organic compounds were synthesized and new properties and uses not seen in natural products were developed. In addition, the development of organic electronic theory based on quantum mechanics, which was developed from the beginning of the 20th century, and the research into the structure and reactions of organic compounds using physical means such as spectral measurements have made it possible to completely understand the three-dimensional structure of organic compounds, and the mechanism of organic reactions can be quantitatively explained in terms of the formation and cleavage of bonds within and between molecules. This field of organic chemistry is called physical organic chemistry. Natural product organic chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and physical organic chemistry form the three pillars of modern organic chemistry.

The initial definition of organic chemistry as "the chemistry of substances produced by life forces" gradually developed into the chemical elucidation of biological functions such as metabolism, genetics, and pathology, and now constitutes a separate field of chemistry known as biochemistry.

[Mr. Hirota November 18, 2016]

"Easy-to-understand organic chemistry - organic compounds for living organisms and materials" by Kobe Satoshi, Takamasa Chenqing, and Saito Mitsuji (1994, Kodansha)""Essential organic chemistry" edited by Kameoka Hiroshi and Sonoda Noboru (1995, Kagaku Dojin)""Basic organic chemistry for life sciences" by Oriya Takayuki (1996, Kawashima Shoten)""Basic organic chemistry" by Yamaguchi Ryohei, Yamamoto Yukio, and Tamura Rui (1998, Kagaku Dojin)""Organic chemistry" by Takenaka Katsuhiko, Nishiguchi Ikuzo, Yamaguchi Kazuo, Suzuki Akihiro, Maekawa Hiroshi, and Shimomura Masato (2000, Asakura Shoten)""Basic organic chemistry that you can definitely understand" by Saito Katsuhiro (2005, Kodansha)"Organic chemistry" by Saito Katsuhiro (2005, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)"

[References] | Wöhler | Biochemistry | Bayer | Perkin | Berzelius | Inorganic chemistry | Organic compounds | Organic synthesis | Organic reactions

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

有機化合物の分離・確認、構造、性質、反応、合成などを研究する化学の一分野をいう。無機化学に対応することばである。「有機化合物」、「有機化学」の語は、1806年にスウェーデンのベルツェリウスが最初に使ったといわれている。その当時は、有機化合物は生物の生命力によりつくられると考えられていたので、動植物界から得られた天然の有機化合物を単離、精製して組成や構造式を決めるのが有機化学であった。1828年にドイツのウェーラーが無機化合物であるシアン酸アンモニウムから有機化合物として知られていた尿素をつくるのに成功し、「有機化合物は生物体内の生命力によらないとつくれない」という従来の考え方を打破した。


 それ以来、新しい有用な有機化合物の合成が有機化学の一つの流れとなり、ドイツのバイヤーによるインジゴなどの合成、イギリスのパーキンによるアリザリンなどの染料の合成が、すでに19世紀後半に行われ、有機合成化学の基礎が築き上げられた。その後、新しい有機化合物の合成とそれらの反応の研究が有機化学の主流を占め、糖、アルカロイド、テルペンなどの天然物の構造が合成により確定された。他方で、新規の有機化合物が合成され、天然物にみられない新しい性質、用途が開発された。これに加えて、20世紀初めから発展した量子力学に基づいた有機電子論や、スペクトルの測定などの物理的手段による有機化合物の構造と反応の研究により、有機化合物の三次元的な立体構造を完全に知ることが可能になり、有機反応のメカニズムを分子内および分子間の結合の生成と開裂により定量的に説明できるようになった。このような有機化学の分野を物理有機化学とよんでいる。天然物有機化学、有機合成化学、物理有機化学は現代の有機化学の三本柱をなしている。

 有機化学の初期の定義であった「生命力によってつくられる物質の化学」は、しだいに代謝、遺伝、病理等の生体機能の化学的解明へと発展し、現在では生物化学(生化学)として有機化学とは別な化学の一分野を構成している。

[廣田 穰 2016年11月18日]

『神戸哲・高昌晨晴・斉藤光司著『わかりやすい有機化学――生体と材料のための有機化合物』(1994・講談社)』『亀岡弘・園田昇編『エッセンシャル 有機化学』(1995・化学同人)』『折谷隆之著『生命科学のための基本有機化学』(1996・川島書店)』『山口良平・山本行男・田村類著『ベーシック有機化学』(1998・化学同人)』『竹中克彦・西口郁三・山口和夫・鈴木秋弘・前川博史・下村雅人著『有機化学』(2000・朝倉書店)』『斎藤勝裕著『絶対わかる有機化学の基礎知識』(2005・講談社)』『斎藤勝裕著『有機化学』(2005・東京化学同人)』

[参照項目] | ウェーラー | 生化学 | バイヤー | パーキン | ベルツェリウス | 無機化学 | 有機化合物 | 有機合成化学 | 有機反応論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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