Hjalmar Schacht (Horace Greely)

German financier. Born in North Germany. His mother was Danish-American. After serving as an executive of the Dresden Bank and president of the National Bank, he became the German Monetary Commissioner in 1923 and ended inflation (the Rentenmark miracle). He became president of the Reichsbank in the same year, and worked to stabilize the mark and restore fiscal soundness, contributing to the establishment of the Weimar Republic. However, he resigned as president in 1930 due to differences of opinion over the Young Reparations Plan, for which he was the head of the negotiating team. After that, he tried to unite right-wing forces and assisted the Nazis, contributing to the establishment of the Hitler Cabinet and the collapse of the Weimar Republic. Under Hitler, he served again as president of the Reichsbank (1933) and Minister of Economics (1934), implementing the Nazi economic policies of rearmament and overcoming unemployment, but he retired due to conflicts with Goering, and was imprisoned from 1944 to 1945 for his anti-Nazi stance. He was found not guilty at the Nuremberg Trials, and after his release he worked in bank management and as a financial adviser to developing countries. He was one of the leading economic technocrats of the 20th century.

[Ken Fukuo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ドイツの金融財政家。北ドイツ生まれ。母はデンマーク系アメリカ人。ドレスデン銀行重役、ナチオナル銀行頭取などを経て、1923年ドイツ国通貨委員となりインフレを収めた（レンテンマルクの奇跡）。同年ライヒスバンク総裁に就任し、マルクの安定、財政健全化に努め、ワイマール共和制の定着に貢献した。しかし交渉団長となったヤング賠償案をめぐる意見の対立から、1930年総裁を辞任した。以後、右翼勢力の糾合を図り、ナチスを援助してヒトラー内閣の成立、ワイマール共和制の崩壊に寄与した。ヒトラーのもとでふたたびライヒスバンク総裁（1933）、経済相（1934）を兼ね、再軍備と失業克服のナチス経済政策を遂行したが、ゲーリングと対立して引退、1944～1945年反ナチ態度のゆえに拘禁された。ニュルンベルク裁判では無罪とされ、釈放後、銀行経営や発展途上国の財政顧問などで活躍した。20世紀有数の経済テクノクラートであった。

［福応　健］

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