Borrowed scenery

Japanese: 借景 - しゃっけい
Borrowed scenery

A style of Japanese gardens. It is a technique that uses beautiful mountains, mountain ranges, oceans, lakes, and temple and shrine architecture (especially pagodas) behind or to the side of the garden as a background and blends them into the garden. It is popular among garden lovers in general.

Looking at the traditional methods of borrowed scenery individually, they can be divided into the following types:

(1) Use the nearby mountains as a backdrop and connect it to the garden.

(2) Treat nearby mountains as a separate landscape.

(3) Make the forest in the background appear connected to the garden.

(4) Makes the background forest appear as a separate entity.

(5) Connect the distant and foreground views to the garden.

(6) Treat distant and close-up views as separate landscapes.

(7) The middle and distant views are the background of the garden.

(8) Gardens that have been designed using the above methods, with the deliberate introduction of old buildings and pagodas into the landscape.

(9) Incorporating lakes, ponds and distant mountains into the garden in a picturesque manner.

(10) A distinct landscape is created by overlooking an inland sea or bay from a garden.

(11) Introduce general foreground views into the garden in a picturesque manner.

(12) Pictorial introduction of distant views.

This method of introducing borrowed scenery has been around since the Heian period, but it was most popular in the early Edo period and in the Meiji, Taisho, and early Showa periods. However, the content differed significantly depending on the era. In the Edo period, there were two tendencies: naturalism and symbolism, and many works showed a thorough understanding of the ideas, expressions, and purposes of each, resulting in the creation of masterpieces. In the Meiji period and later, too much emphasis was placed on the borrowed scenery, and the essential content of the garden was not put into it, and in many cases the purpose of the borrowed scenery was upside down.

[Shigemori Kando]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本庭園の一様式。庭園の背後あるいは横の部分の、美しい山や山脈、海洋、湖沼、社寺の建築(とくに塔)などを背景として扱い、その庭園の中に溶け込ませる技法で、一般の庭園愛好家に好まれている。

 従来からあった借景の方法を個別にみると、次の種類に分けられる。

(1)近山を借景にしてそれを庭に接続する。

(2)近山を別の景観として取り扱う。

(3)背景の森林を庭に接続しているようにみせる。

(4)背景の森林を別個の存在のようにみせる。

(5)遠景と近景を庭園に接続させる。

(6)遠景と近景を別個の景観として取り扱う。

(7)中景および遠景を庭園の背景とする。

(8)上の方法で古建築や古塔などを意識的に庭園景致に導入したもの。

(9)湖沼および遠山を絵画的に庭園に導入する。

(10)内海あるいは湾を、庭園から俯瞰(ふかん)することによって別個の景観を構成する。

(11)一般近景を絵画的に庭園内に導入する。

(12)遠景の絵画的導入。

 このような借景導入の方法は平安期ころから扱われていたが、もっとも流行したのは江戸初期と、明治・大正・昭和初期である。ただその内容は時代によって著しい差があった。江戸期のものは自然主義的傾向と象徴主義的傾向の二つがあり、それぞれに発想と表現と目的を十分理解した作品が多く、ために傑作も生まれた。明治以降のものは、借景のみに力を入れすぎて肝心の作庭内容に力がなく、借景の目的が本末転倒となっている場合が多い。

[重森完途]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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