Private reorganization - Shitekisei-ri

Japanese: 私的整理 - してきせいり
Private reorganization - Shitekisei-ri

A procedure for reorganizing debts and assets through voluntary negotiations between creditors and debtors without the involvement of courts or other judicial authorities. This term is the opposite of legal reorganization, which is handled according to the Corporate Reorganization Act, Civil Rehabilitation Act, Bankruptcy Act, etc. It is also called internal reorganization or voluntary reorganization. When the debtor is an individual, the goal is to rebuild their life, but when the debtor is a corporation, there are two types: a reorganization type that aims to continue business, and a liquidation type that dissolves the corporation. In general, private reorganization is quicker, more flexible, and less costly than legal reorganization, and has the advantage of not being labeled as "bankrupt." However, because the courts are not involved, the procedure is less transparent, and if an unfair reorganization plan is adopted for financial institutions and other interested parties, it may become an obstacle to the process. For this reason, the "Study Group on Guidelines for Private Reorganization," which is made up of academics and other experts, published the "Private Reorganization Guidelines" in 2001, which serve as a template for private reorganization for corporations. The conditions for corporations to undergo debt forgiveness and aim for reconstruction include, in principle, "eliminating the actual debt excess within three years and achieving a profit in ordinary profits," and "the resignation of management." Although this guideline is not legally binding, the number of private reorganizations of companies that follow this guideline has since increased.

After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, double loans became a major social issue, with victims already owed mortgages and other debts, taking on additional debts to build new homes. In response, the government and the Democratic Party came up with measures to ease the burden on individuals by reducing their debts through private restructuring. In July of the same year, a study group of the Japanese Bankers Association published the "Guidelines for Private Restructuring of Individual Debtors," and efforts to ease the burden on victims are being made in accordance with these guidelines.

[Editorial Department]

[References] | Corporate Reorganization Law | Bankruptcy Law | Great East Japan Earthquake | Civil Rehabilitation Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

裁判所などの司法の関与なしに、債権者と債務者の自主的話し合いで負債や財産を整理する手続き。会社更生法、民事再生法、破産法などに従って処理する法的整理と対をなす用語である。内整理(ないせいり)、任意整理ともよばれる。債務者が個人の場合は生活再建を目ざすが、法人の場合は事業継続を目ざす再建型と法人を解体する清算型に分かれる。一般に私的整理は法的整理に比べ迅速、柔軟、低コストで手続きを進めることができ、「倒産」というレッテルを貼られずにすむ利点もある。しかし裁判所などが関与しないため、手続きが不透明となり、金融機関など利害関係者にとって不公平な処理策ができた場合、処理の障害となるおそれもある。このため学識経験者らで構成する「私的整理に関するガイドライン研究会」は2001年(平成13)、法人向け私的整理の雛型(ひながた)となる「私的整理指針(ガイドライン)」を公表した。法人が債権放棄を受けて再建を目ざす条件として、原則「3年以内の実質債務超過解消や経常利益の黒字化」「経営者の退任」などをあげた。この指針に法的拘束力はないが、その後、同指針に沿った企業の私的整理が増えている。

 2011年の東日本大震災後、住宅ローンなどを抱えた被災者がさらに住宅建設のために借金する二重ローンが大きな社会問題となった。このため政府・民主党は私的整理を使った借金削減で個人負担を軽減する対策を打ち出した。全国銀行協会の研究会が同年7月に「個人債務者の私的整理に関するガイドライン」を公表し、これに沿って被災者の負担軽減の取り組みが進められている。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | 会社更生法 | 破産法 | 東日本大震災 | 民事再生法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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