Hakubahibaron (English: Bai-ma fei-ma lun)

Japanese: 白馬非馬論 - はくばひばろん（英語表記）Bai-ma fei-ma lun

An epistemological proposition put forward by the Chinese Warring States period commentator Gongsun Long. It appears in the "White Horse" theory in "Gongsun Longzi." The concept of a white horse can be analyzed into "white" as perceived by color sense and "horse" as perceived by vision (form sense), so the theory states that a white horse (white + horse) is not a horse, and while the concept of a horse includes yellow and black horses, the concept of a white horse does not include yellow or black horses, therefore a white horse is not a horse. This theory was highly praised among intellectuals at the end of the Warring States period, and in later generations it came to be seen as a representative of pre-Qin sophistic philosophy, but this theory itself is an attempt to distinguish between the broadness, narrowness, and similarity of concepts, and cannot be hastily concluded to be sophistic.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，戦国時代の論者公孫龍が唱えた認識論上の一命題。『公孫龍子』の白馬論にみえる。白馬という概念は，色彩感覚によってとらえられた「白」と視覚 (形態感覚) によってとらえられた「馬」とに分析できるから，白馬 (白＋馬) は馬ではない，また馬という概念には黄馬も黒馬も含まれるが，白馬という概念には黄馬，黒馬は含まれない，ゆえに白馬は馬ではないという理論。戦国末期の知識人の間で盛んにもてはやされ，後世，先秦詭弁哲学の代表と目されるようになったが，この説自体は，概念の広狭異同の判別を試みたものであって，詭弁と速断することはできない。

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