Principle of private autonomy

Japanese: 私的自治の原則 - してきじちのげんそく
Principle of private autonomy

The principle of regulating each person's legal and social relationships as he or she wishes, according to the free will of each individual. This principle is usually expressed as the principle of freedom of contract, but is also recognized as the principle of freedom of will, etc. The principle of freedom of contract is premised on the independence and equality of individuals. However, in terms of economic and social relationships, people are by no means equal or on an equal footing. Leaving contracts free between parties with significant differences in economic and social relationships (for example, contracts between capitalists and workers, between landlords and tenants, between large corporations and general consumers) is, in a sense, accepting the survival of the fittest. In such cases, if we want to make contracts socially appropriate and rational, we should not leave them to the free will of the parties. This is where the limits of freedom of contract are recognized, and restrictions are necessary. Restrictions on freedom of contract and rationalization of contracts are carried out from the legislative, administrative, and judicial levels.

The principle of private autonomy guarantees the freedom of individual will and activity, but on the other hand, this principle is accompanied by the principle of personal responsibility, which states that one is responsible for one's own intentional or negligent acts, but is not responsible for the acts of others. In private international law, the principle that the governing law of a legal act is determined by the will of the parties is called the principle of private autonomy, and in Japan's private international law, this principle is recognized for legal acts of obligation.

[Toshio Takeuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

各人の法律関係、社会関係を、それぞれの自由な意思によってその欲するとおりに規律させる原則。この原則は、普通には契約自由の原則として現れるが、遺言の自由の原則などとしても認められる。契約自由の原則は、個人の独立・平等を前提とする。しかし、経済的・社会的関係からすると、人はけっして平等でも対等でもない。経済的・社会的関係において著しく差異のある当事者間で契約を自由に放任することは(たとえば、資本家と労働者の間、地主と借地人の間、大企業と一般消費者の間での契約)、いわば弱肉強食を認めることとなる。このような場合に契約を社会的に妥当なもの、合理的なものにしようとするなら、当事者の自由意思に任せておくべきでないこととなる。ここに契約自由の限界が認められ、その制約が必要とされてくる。契約自由の制約、契約の合理化は、立法、行政、司法の各方面から行われる。

 私的自治の原則により個人の意思活動の自由が保障されることとなるが、この原則は他方では、自己の故意・過失による行為については責任を負担するが、他人の行為については責任を負わないとする自己責任の原則を伴う。なお、国際私法上は、法律行為の準拠法を当事者の意思によって定める原則を、私的自治の原則といい、わが国の国際私法上は、債権的法律行為についてこの原則が認められている。

[竹内俊雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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