Time constant

Japanese: 時定数 - じていすう
Time constant

Although it is generally a synonym for relaxation time, the relaxation time of an electric circuit is often referred to as the time constant. When a current flows through a circuit, the current initially changes over time, but after a certain amount of time has passed, it is thought that the current will no longer change over time and will reach a steady state. The time constant is the approximate time it takes for the current to reach a steady state after it starts to flow. More precisely, the change in current over time is usually expressed as e - t / T ( t is the time from the moment the current is started to flow), and the T that appears in this exponential function is the time constant. As an example, consider a circuit with a coil with self-inductance L and a resistor with electrical resistance R connected in series to a battery with electromotive force E , as shown in Figure A. If the origin of time is the moment the switch is turned on, the current I flowing through the circuit will be

It can be seen that the time constant T is T = L / R. If we graph this as a function of I and t , we get Figure B. When t becomes sufficiently large, I approaches the steady-state value E / R , but at t = T, I is approximately 63% of this steady-state value.

[Ryuzo Abe]

[Reference item] | Inductance
Time constant (example) [Figure A]
©Shogakukan ">

Time constant (example) [Figure A]

Time constant (example) [Figure B]
©Shogakukan ">

Time constant (example) [Figure B]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般的には緩和時間と同義語であるが、電気回路の緩和時間をとくに時定数と称する場合が多い。ある回路に電流を流すと、初めのうちは電流が時間的変化を示すが、ある程度の時間がたつと電流は時間的に変化せず定常電流が実現すると考えられる。電流を流し始めてから定常電流になるまでの時間の目安を時定数という。もうすこし正確にいうと、電流の時間的変化は通常e-t/Tという形(tは電流を流した瞬間からの時間)に表されるが、この指数関数中に現れるTが時定数である。一例として、自己インダクタンスLのコイル、電気抵抗Rの抵抗体を図Aのように直列にして起電力Eの電池につないだ回路を考えてみる。スイッチを入れた瞬間を時間の原点にとると、回路を流れる電流Iは時刻tにおいて

と表され、時定数TTL/Rであることがわかる。Itの関数としてグラフで表すと図Bのようになる。tが十分大きくなるとIは定常値E/Rに近づくが、tTにおいてIはこの定常値のほぼ63%である。

[阿部龍蔵]

[参照項目] | インダクタンス
時定数(例)〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

時定数(例)〔図A〕

時定数(例)〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

時定数(例)〔図B〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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