Speed ​​- Sokudo (English spelling) velocity

Japanese: 速度 - そくど(英語表記)velocity
Speed ​​- Sokudo (English spelling) velocity

In everyday life, it is used in the same sense as speed, but in physics it refers to the direction of motion and the distance traveled in a unit of time. Therefore, velocity is a vector quantity and is often called the velocity vector. Speed ​​is used to indicate the magnitude of the velocity vector. In mathematics, the velocity vector is the rate of change of the position vector r ( t ) of an object at a certain moment with respect to unit time.

The velocity vector is given by, and its direction is the same as the tangent to the orbit. The motion of an object can be broadly divided into uniform linear motion (or uniform velocity motion) and accelerated motion. According to Newton's law, in the former, no external forces act on the object, while in the latter, some external force always acts on the object. Uniform circular motion is an example of the latter, since the speed is constant, but the direction of the velocity vector is constantly changing. This is due to the existence of centripetal force, and the use of velocity vectors in this way is useful for describing and classifying the motion of objects in three-dimensional space.

The word "speed" is used not only to describe the change in position over time, but also to describe the change in other quantities over time. Examples include angular velocity and areal velocity. The former is the change in the angle of rotation over time, and in the case of uniform circular motion with radius r and speed v , it is given as v / r and is constant. The latter is the area of ​​a sector created per unit time by a straight line connecting a moving object and the center of force, and is proportional to the angular momentum of the object. In contrast to these general velocities, the narrower definition of speed is sometimes called linear velocity.

[Yasuhisa Abe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日常生活では、速さspeedと同じ意味で使われるが、物理学では運動の方向と単位時間内に動く距離をさす。したがって速度はベクトル量であり、しばしば速度ベクトルとよばれる。速さは速度ベクトルの大きさをさすのに用いられる。数式では速度ベクトルは、ある瞬間における物体の位置ベクトルr(t)の単位時間に関する変化率

で与えられ、その方向は軌道の接線と同じである。物体の運動は大きく等速直線運動(または等速度運動)と加速度運動に分けられる。ニュートンの法則に従って、前者では物体に外から力が作用していないが、後者ではかならずなんらかの外力が作用している。等速円運動は速さが一定であるが、速度ベクトルの向きが絶えず変化しているので後者の例である。これは向心力の存在によるものであるが、このように速度ベクトルの使用は三次元空間における物体の運動の記述、分類に有用である。

 速度ということばは、位置の時間変化だけでなく、広く他の量の時間変化を表すためにも用いられる。たとえば角速度、面積速度などである。前者は回転角度の時間変化であり、半径r、速さvの等速円運動の場合にはv/rで与えられ、一定である。後者は、運動する物体と力の中心とを結ぶ直線が単位時間につくる扇形の面積のことで、物体のもつ角運動量に比例する。これらの一般的な速度に対して、狭義の速度のことを線速度ということもある。

[阿部恭久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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