Index fossils

Japanese: 示相化石 - しそうかせき
Index fossils

Fossils are useful for specifically learning about the past environment. The environment of the Earth's surface in geological times can be estimated from the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments that make up the strata. However, the paleogeography of sedimentary basins, paleoclimate, depth and temperature of water bodies, or paleocean currents cannot often be determined from the properties of the strata alone, and the help of indicator fossils is required. Individual species of life are limited in their physiological and behavioral range of adaptation, so they can only survive in certain environments. The same can be said for paleoorganisms, so species that can only adapt to a limited range of environments are valued as indicator fossils. For example, reef-building corals coexist with algae, so they are distributed in clear shallow waters where the average annual water temperature is 17°C or higher and sunlight can reach them. Therefore, it can be said that the strata containing reef corals lived in such an environment. In situ fossils deposited in the habitat are preferable as indicator fossils. However, even pollen and spores that are transported far away can be useful for estimating paleoclimate and paleovegetation if quantitatively analyzed.

[Tanabe Kazunari]

[Reference items] | Fossils | Paleontology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

過去の環境を具体的に知るうえで役だつ化石。地質時代の地球表層の環境は、地層を構成する堆積(たいせき)物の物理的・化学的特徴によって推定される。しかし、堆積盆地の古地理、古気候、水塊の深度や温度あるいは古海流などは地層の性質だけからは判断できないことが多く、示相化石の助けを必要とする。個々の生物種はその生理的、行動的な適応範囲が限定されるため、一定の環境にしか生存できない。同様なことは古生物にもいえるため、環境に対する適応の範囲が限られる類は示相化石として重視される。たとえば、造礁性のサンゴは藻類と共生するため、年間平均水温が17℃以上で太陽光の到達できる澄んだ浅海に分布する。したがって、礁性サンゴを含む地層は、このような環境であったといえる。示相化石としては、生息場で堆積した現地性化石が望ましい。しかし、花粉や胞子など遠くまで運ばれるものでも、定量的に分析すれば古気候や古植生などの推定に役だつ。

[棚部一成]

[参照項目] | 化石 | 古生物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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