Fantastic literature

Japanese: 幻想文学 - げんそうぶんがく(英語表記)fantastic literature
Fantastic literature

Literature generally depicts in depth and detail the state of the human mind, which fantasizes, imagines, and fantasizes within reality. When this reality is seen as unshakable and reality is the central focus of the depiction, the tendency is to belong to realist literature. In contrast, when a work recognizes more of the truth of the human mind in fantasy, imagination, and illusion, and depicts these as the central focus, the work belongs to fantasy literature.

However, since literature is originally fiction (a fictitious creation) and not a photographic copy of reality or a mere chronicle, any literature, once it penetrates into the inner world of the human mind or the world of thought, has some degree of fantasy. Conversely, even what is considered pure fantasy literature cannot completely cut off contact with reality in order to be understood, and must have some shadow of reality that is incorporated in the language. For this reason, the name fantasy literature has not been established as a literary genre in particular. However, in recent years, realism literature, which is considered to be the mainstream of Western literature in the 18th and 19th centuries, has reached a point of exhaustion, and there has been a momentum for reevaluating literature that was rich in fantasy before that. As the recognition of the fantasy in technique and the symbolic fictional nature of human perception of the world has deepened since the modernist literature of the 1920s, attempts have been made to establish the genre of fantasy literature in contrast to traditional realism, and it is now easily given value and distinction as an independent genre. To give one example, it was T. Todorov who first attempted to theorize fantasy literature head-on in 1971.

In ancient Greece and Rome, both the gods who lived in the supernatural heavens and the gods who lived in the supernatural underworld were extremely human, and all myths and stories were created from their involvement in nature and the human world, driven by human desires. In this respect, ancient mythology allowed for a very natural mix of realism and fantasy or fiction. A good example is the famous descent to the underworld in Homer's Odyssey. In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, the Christian belief system, which replaced the ancient gods, produced a group of stories that mixed the mediation between the supernatural and the natural through the resurrection and second coming of the Son of God and numerous tales of saints. This is a natural emotion toward wonder, which appears in the numerous tales of saints and miracles that reflect the Bible and the folk traditions of various countries. Dante's Divine Comedy was a culmination of this.

The Renaissance was a time of new reconstruction of sensitivity to the supernatural in the sense that it was a revival of antiquity, but at the same time, the tendency towards natural science and technology in art that emerged in the Renaissance gave rise to the idea of ​​an external world that could be objectified as a substance that exists independently of the human mind and whose laws could be understood, due to the Protestant Revolution in the 16th century and the natural science revolution in the 17th century. Furthermore, the birth of civil society in the 18th century gave rise to utilitarianism and realism, expanding a unique belief in reality (realism), and literature invented the realist novel (romance), typified by Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), which became a sort of economic novel, and thus ushered in an era of realist novels that would dominate the next two centuries. Meanwhile, Romanticism, a major tectonic shift in Western Europe that began in the 1830s and remains unresolved even in the 20th century, emerged. It raised sharp questions about fiction and reality, about works and imagination, and about the nature of humans as rational beings versus fantasy beings, as opposed to the previous way of being that humans were subordinate to reality. It advocated a literature that prioritized the superiority of imagination over understanding and sought to identify the roots of humanity in the wonders, dreams, fiction, and hopes of the ancient and medieval periods. It was a new revival of the supernatural and a modern awareness of fantasy literature. The poems of Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats in England, the fairy tales of Tieck, C. Brentano, Novalis, and Chamisso in Germany, and the novels of Hoffmann, along with Hugo and the "little romantics" in France, were the paving stones for modern fantasy novels. Just before the English Romanticism, a group of "Gothic Romance" writers appeared, setting the precedent for Romantic fantasy novels. Through these legacies, the excellent movements of Poe in America and the French Symbolists were developed. Furthermore, there is a movement to once again seek the fantasy as a base for humanity against the oppression of natural science and modern material-centered profit rationalism in real society. Surrealism, Dadaism, Expressionism, and other pop music have emerged as a reaction against the exhaustion of the great 19th century realist full-length novels from Tolstoy to Thomas Mann. In fact, at present, contemporary literary qualities are recognized in Latin American fantasy novelists who are highly aware of the fantasy, from Borges to Garcia Marquez and Kafka, as well as Canetti and Kundera, who studied them.

[Yura Kimiyoshi]

"Fantasy Literature - Structure and Function" by T. Todorov, translated by Ikuo Miyoshi and Akimasa Watanabe (1975, Asahi Press)""Gothic Series, edited by Shigeru Koike, Masao Shimura and Takao Toyama (1st period: 11 volumes, 1978-80, 2nd period: 14 volumes, 1982-85, Kokusho Kankokai)""World Occult Literature, edited by Kimiyoshi Yura (1982, Jiyukokuminsha)"

[References] | Horror stories | Ghost stories | Gothic novels

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

文学は一般に現実のなかにあって空想し想像し幻想する人間の心の姿を深く細かく描き出す。この現実を揺るぎないものとみて、現実を中心に描き出す場合、その傾向はリアリズム文学の側に属する。それに反して、空想・想像・幻想の側に、より多くの人間の心の真実を認め、これらを中心に描き出す場合、その作品は幻想文学の側に属する。

 しかし、文学がもともとフィクション(仮構の作り物)であって、現実の写真的写し取りや、単なる年代記ではない以上、いかなる文学も、ひとたび人間の心の内部や思念の世界に入り込むとき、あらゆる文学は幻想性をなにほどか分有する。逆に純粋の幻想文学と考えられるものでも、それが了解されるためには、現実との連絡をまったく断つことができず、言語が取り込んでいる現実の影をなにほどか分有せざるをえない。ここから、従来、幻想文学という名称は、とくに文学ジャンルとしてたてられてこなかったが、近年、18、19世紀西欧文学の主流であったと考えられるリアリズム文学がいちおうの枯渇点に達し、それ以前の、幻想性を豊かにもった文学の再評価の機運も相まって、1920年代モダニズム文学以来、技法上の幻想性と人間の世界認識の象徴的フィクション性の認識が深まるにつれて、従来のリアリズム文学に対する幻想文学というジャンルの定立が試みられるようになり、現在では優に独立ジャンルとしての価値と区別を与えられるようになった。一例をあげれば、正面切って幻想文学の名のもとにその理論化を試みたのはT・トドロフであり、1971年のことであった。

 ギリシア・ローマの古代においては、超自然の天上に住む神々も冥界(めいかい)という超自然に住む神々も、ともに著しく人間的であり、人間的欲望に駆られて自然や人間世界に介入するところから、あらゆる神話も物語も成り立った。この点で、古代神話はリアリズムとファンタジーまたはフィクションの間のごく自然な混合を許していたといえる。ホメロス『オデュッセイア』のなかの有名な冥界降(くだ)りなど、よい例である。西欧中世においても、古代の神々に置き換えられたキリスト教の信仰体系が、超自然と自然との媒介を、神の子の復活や再臨、幾多の聖人譚(たん)によって混合する物語群を生んだ。聖書をはじめとし、諸国の土俗伝承も反映した多数の聖人譚や奇蹟(きせき)物語に現れた驚異への自然な感情である。ダンテ『神曲』はその集大成でもあった。

 ルネサンス期は古代の復活という点で、超自然への感性の新しい再建期であったが、同時に、ルネサンスに芽生えた芸術の自然学化とテクノロジー化の傾向は、16世紀プロテスタント革命、17世紀自然科学革命により、人間の心とは独立に存在する物質として対象化の可能な、法則性の理解が可能な外界という考えを生んだ。さらに18世紀市民社会の誕生は実利主義と現実主義とを生み、独得の現実信仰(リアリズム)を拡大し、文学は、あたかも経済小説と化するデフォーの『ロビンソン・クルーソー』(1719)を代表とするリアリズム長編小説(ロマン)を発明し、ここに以後2世紀を圧倒するリアリズム長編の時代を出現させた。その間、18世紀30年代に始まり、ある意味で20世紀の現時点でも解決のつかない、西欧の大地殻変動であったロマン主義が台頭し、現実に従属する従前の人間のあり方に対して、仮構と現実、作品と想像力、理性人に対する幻想人としての人間の本質に対して鋭い問題提起を行い、悟性に対する想像力の優位を高く掲げ、古代・中世の驚異・夢・架空・希望のほうに人間性の根源を見定める文学を提唱した。超自然の新しい復活であり、幻想文学の近代的自覚であったといえよう。イギリスのコールリッジ、シェリー、キーツの詩、ドイツのティーク、C・ブレンターノ、ノバーリス、シャミッソーたちのメルヘン、ホフマンの小説群は、フランスのユゴー、「小ロマン派」とともに現代幻想小説への敷石となった。イギリス・ロマン派の直前に「ゴシック・ロマンス」作家群が現れ、ロマン派幻想小説に先鞭(せんべん)をつけた。これらの遺産を経由して、アメリカのポー、フランス象徴派の優れた運動が展開された。さらに現実社会における自然科学圧制と近代物質中心利潤合理主義に対する人間性の拠点を、改めて幻想性に求める動きが、トルストイからトーマス・マンまでの19世紀型大リアリズム長編小説の枯渇への反定立として出てくるのが、シュルレアリスム、ダダイズム、表現主義その他ポップスである。事実、現時点においては、幻想性の自覚の高いラテンアメリカ幻想小説家のボルヘスからガルシア・マルケス、カフカ、それに学んだカネッティやクンデラに今日的な文学性が認められている。

[由良君美]

『T・トドロフ著、三好郁朗・渡辺明正訳『幻想文学――構造と機能』(1975・朝日出版社)』『小池滋・志村正雄・富山太佳夫責任編集『ゴシック叢書』(1期11巻・1978~80、2期14巻・1982~85・国書刊行会)』『由良君美編著『世界のオカルト文学』(1982・自由国民社)』

[参照項目] | 怪奇小説 | 怪談 | ゴシック小説

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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