Naturalism

Japanese: 自然主義 - しぜんしゅぎ
Naturalism
In the broadest sense, this is a position that considers the natural world to be the only self-sufficient reality, and that everything, including human mental phenomena, is governed by its laws. Generally, it is a translation of the French term naturalisme, and refers to a literary movement that emerged in France in the late 19th century. Representatives include Zola, who placed importance on factors such as genetics and the environment, and attempted to explain reality using positivist and natural science methods, as well as Maupassant, the Goncourt brothers, and Daudet. It emerged as an extension of realism against the backdrop of the progress of natural science and the Industrial Revolution, and was influenced by the works of Darwin and Bernard, as well as positivist thought, and sometimes attempted to depict ugly reality. Zola's Discourse on the Experimental Novel and the collection of stories by six authors, Evenings at Medan (1880), can be said to represent this philosophy. Naturalism can be found in novels and plays from various countries, but in Japan, Zola's theory was introduced around 1890, and Shimazaki Toson's Breaking Commandments (1906) was called a naturalist work. Tayama Katai and other writers from Waseda Bungaku followed suit, but their style was characterized by their emphasis on confessing one's inner thoughts as they were. This may be due to the difference in the original meaning of the Western word "nature" and the Japanese word "shizen." Japanese naturalism as a movement quickly declined, but it had a major influence on the birth of I-novel and state-of-mind novels.
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Japanese:
最広義に自然的世界を自足した唯一の実在と考え,人間の精神現象を含めてすべてのものがその法則によって支配されているとする立場。一般には,フランス語naturalismeの訳として,19世紀後半のフランスに現れた文学運動をさす。遺伝や環境などの要素を重視し,現実を実証主義的,自然科学的方法で解明しようと試みたゾラを代表に,モーパッサン,ゴンクール兄弟,ドーデらの名があげられる。自然科学の進歩や産業革命の進行を時代背景として〈写実主義〉の延長上に現れ,ダーウィン,ベルナールらの著作や,実証主義思想の影響を受け,ときに醜悪な現実を描こうとした。ゾラの《実験小説論》や,6作家の小説集《メダンの夕べ》(1880年)はその理念を示すものといえる。自然主義は各国の小説,戯曲にもみられるが,日本では,1890年ごろゾラの理論が紹介され,島崎藤村の《破戒》(1906年)が自然主義作品と呼ばれた。田山花袋や《早稲田文学》の作家らがこれに続いたが,自己の内面をありのままに告白することに主眼が置かれた点に特色がある。これは西欧語の〈nature〉と日本語の〈自然〉との本来的な意味のずれによるものとも考えられる。日本の自然主義は運動としては急速に衰えたが,私小説や心境小説の誕生に大きな影響を与えた。
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