It refers to a "whole" formed by each component having a certain relationship with each other. It comes from the Greek word systēma. Since ancient times, one of the categories of objective cognition of humans seems to have been the concept of a "whole" consisting of multiple elements, which has been called a group, a set, a whole, a group, a system, etc. according to the nature of each object. The concept of a system has been intentionally refined theoretically in recent years, focusing on the common structure (isomorphism) between various similar concepts, and has been systematized as GST (General Systems Theory) by Bertalanffy and others. In that sense, the concept of a system is located at a very abstract level, and is based on the claim that a system has a certain "emergent property" that cannot be reduced to the individual elements that compose it. Due to its abstract nature, the system itself shows a wide variety of variations depending on each concrete domain, (1) in the determination of its units (elements) and (2) in the determination of the types of relationships they form. For example, its range of application is wide, ranging from the solar system as a mutual gravitational relationship of mechanical objects to social groups that exist through functional mutual complementarity of individual roles. Based on this way of thinking (conceptualization), systems analysis and systems engineering in various domains have become possible. [Shuichiro Nakano] "General Social Systems Theory" by W. Buckley, translated by Arata Mutsuto and Nakano Shuichiro (1980, Seishin Shobo) " "How to Think About Social Systems" by Arata Mutsuto and Nakano Shuichiro (1981, Yuhikaku) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
各構成要素が相互にある種の関係をもちながら形成する一つの「全体」をさす。ギリシア語systēmaに由来する。古来、人間の客体認知カテゴリーの一つに、複数の要素からなる「ある全体」を指示する概念があったと思われるが、それらは個々の対象の性質に応じて、群、集合、全体、グループ、系などとよばれてきた。システムという概念は、こうしたさまざまな類似概念の間にある共通の構造(アイソモルフィズム)に注目して、近年、意図的にその理論的洗練が推し進められたものであり、ベルタランフィなどによって、GST(General Systems Theory=一般システム理論)として体系化されるようになった。その意味で、システム概念はきわめて抽象的なレベルに位置し、システムが、これを構成する個々の要素には還元不可能なある種の「創発的特性」emergent propertyをもつという主張を基礎にしている。 その抽象性のゆえに、システムそのものは個々の具体的領域に応じて、(1)その単位(要素)の決定において、(2)それらが形成する関係の種類の確定において、多様なバリエーションを示す。たとえば、力学的客体の相互引力関係としての太陽系から、個々の役割の機能的相互補完関係によって成立している社会集団に至るまでその適用範囲は広い。こうした考え方(概念化)を踏まえつつ、種々の領域でのシステム分析、システム工学が可能となったのである。 [中野秀一郎] 『W・バックレイ著、新睦人・中野秀一郎訳『一般社会システム論』(1980・誠信書房)』▽『新睦人・中野秀一郎著『社会システムの考え方』(1981・有斐閣)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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