A self-help device is something used to compensate for the difficulty of performing activities of daily living due to functional disorders such as paralysis of the upper limbs. Self-help devices include ordinary everyday objects that have been modified or ingeniously modified to make basic daily activities such as washing, brushing teeth, and eating easier, and specific tools that enable specific actions only. For example, commercially available spoons, forks, and cups that have been modified to make them easier to hold are examples of the former, while reachers for reaching distant objects and brushes for washing your back when bathing belong to the latter. While commercially available products may suffice, some are made with simple modifications, while others must be specially made. Other examples of self-help devices include devices for people who cannot hold a telephone receiver and cutting boards that allow cooking with one hand. Self-help devices must not only be convenient to use, but also be placed in a place where they can be used immediately, and not require much practice to get used to using them, so it is considered best to use something as simple as possible. Practicing the use of assistive devices, selecting the device, and making the device are all carried out by occupational therapists under the guidance of a rehabilitation specialist doctor. In addition, devices that compensate for or compensate for functional disabilities of the upper and lower limbs can be broadly divided into prostheses, braces, and self-help devices. Of these, prostheses are used to compensate for loss, braces are used to assist with functional disabilities, and self-help devices are used for disabilities in the ability to carry out activities of daily living. [Takashi Nagai] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
上肢の麻痺(まひ)などによる機能障害のため日常生活動作が困難な場合に、それを補うために用いるものをいう。自助具には、洗面、歯みがき、食事など基本的な日常生活動作を行いやすくするため日常使用する普通の物品に改良・くふうを加えて操作を容易にしたもの、あるいは特定の動作のみを対象としてその動作を可能にする特定の用具などがある。たとえば、市販のスプーン、フォーク、コップなどに改良を加えて持ちやすくしたものなどが前者に相当するものであり、遠くの物をとるためのリーチャー、入浴時に背中を洗うためのブラシなどが後者に属する。市販品でまにあうこともあるが、簡単な細工を施してつくるものや、特別に製作しなければならないものもある。また、電話の受話器を持てない人のためのくふう、片手で料理ができるまな板なども自助具である。自助具には、それを使用するときの便利さだけでなく、すぐに使える場所に置けること、使い慣れるのにあまり練習しなくてよいことなどの条件が要求されるので、できるだけ単純なものがよいとされている。自助具を使用する練習や自助具の選択、自助具の製作などは、リハビリテーションの専門医師の指導のもとに作業療法士によって行われる。 なお、上肢、下肢の機能障害者に対してその機能を補ったり代償させたりするための器具類は、義肢、装具、自助具に大別される。このうち、義肢は欠損に対する補いであり、装具は機能障害に対する補助具であるが、自助具は日常生活動作の能力障害に対して用いられるものといえる。 [永井 隆] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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