Dental formula - Shishiki

Japanese: 歯式 - ししき
Dental formula - Shishiki

This is a formula that shows the tooth structure of mammals. Mammals are generally heterodont, with four types of teeth, but since the number of each type of tooth varies depending on the animal species, a dental formula is used to show the number. Dental formulas are generally written by listing the number of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars on one side of the upper and lower jaws, respectively, from left to right above and below a horizontal line. Premolars and molars are also collectively called cheek teeth. The number of teeth of the ancestors of higher mammals was usually as follows: three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars on one side of each upper and lower jaw, for a total of 44. Therefore, the basic formula for mammals is

This tooth arrangement is basically suitable for carnivores, since the incisors are suitable for biting and the canines are useful for attacking prey. However, few mammals today strictly retain this tooth arrangement. Humans have 32 teeth, two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three posterior molars, and the tooth arrangement is as follows:

There are also other notations such as the following. The basic type of mammals is

As mentioned above, the ancestors of mammals were carnivores, but when we look at the current herbivorous ungulates, we can see that female horses have lost their canine teeth.

In cattle, the upper incisors and canines were lost, resulting in a total of 36 teeth.

On the other hand, in modern carnivorous dogs,

In total, there are 42 cats.

A total of 28 bottles.

[Sumio Takahashi]

[Reference] | Molars | Canines | Incisors

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)類の歯の構成を表記した式をいう。一般に哺乳類は異歯性で4種類の歯をもつが、動物種によって各種の歯数が異なるので、歯式を用いてその数を表す。歯式は、横線の上下に、それぞれ上顎(じょうがく)と下顎の片側の門歯(切歯)incisor、犬歯canine、前臼歯(きゅうし)(小臼歯)premolar、後臼歯(大臼歯)molarの数を左から順次表記する方法が一般的である。前臼歯と後臼歯をまとめて頬歯(きょうし)cheek teethともよぶ。高等哺乳類の祖先の歯数は、普通は以下のようであった。すなわち、上下それぞれのあごの片側に門歯3本、犬歯1本、前臼歯4本、後臼歯3本があり、総数は44本である。したがって、哺乳類の基本式は

となる。門歯は食い切るのに適し、犬歯は獲物を襲うのに役だっているので、この歯列は基本的には肉食に適したものである。しかし、今日の哺乳類でこの歯式を厳密に残しているものは少ない。ヒトの歯は32本よりなり、門歯2本、犬歯1本、前臼歯2本、後臼歯3本で、歯式は

である。ほかに、次のような表記法もある。哺乳類の基本型を示すと

となる。哺乳類の祖先は前述のように肉食獣であったが、現生する草食動物の有蹄(ゆうてい)類をみると、犬歯が消失した雌ウマでは

の計36本となり、また上顎の門歯と犬歯が消失したウシでは

の計32本となる。一方、現生する肉食動物のイヌでは

の計42本で、ネコでは

の計28本である。

[高橋純夫]

[参照項目] | 臼歯 | 犬歯 | 門歯

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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