Islamic Empire (English spelling) Islām

Japanese: イスラム帝国 - いすらむていこく(英語表記)Islām
Islamic Empire (English spelling) Islām

A great empire built by Muslims, mainly in Western Asia. In medieval Europe, it was called the Saracen Empire. The day after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, Muslims in Medina selected Abu Bakr as their new leader and caliph. This was the beginning of the caliphate system, which lasted until the fall of the Abbasid dynasty in 1258, and the period in Islamic history when the historical caliphate system continued is called the Islamic Empire.

[Johei Shimada]

The Orthodox Caliphate to the Umayyad Dynasty

The catalyst for the development of the proto-Islamic community of Medina into an empire was conquest. The first conquest began in 633, and by 650 the Medina Caliphate had controlled most of present-day Iran in the east, North Africa up to the eastern shore of the Gulf of Sidra in the west, and the Caucasus and Taurus Mountains in the north. However, becoming the ruler of such a large empire in such a short period of time led to conflicts of interest among Muslims, and the third caliph, Uthman, and the fourth caliph, Ali, were killed in succession by fellow Muslims. The period from Abu Bakr's accession to the throne to the assassination of Ali is called the Orthodox Caliphate (632-661). After Ali's assassination, Muawiyah of the Umayyad family, who was in conflict with Ali, established the Umayyad dynasty (661-750) in Damascus, marking the beginning of dynastic rule in Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Iberian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the Lower Indus Valley in the early 8th century. Although the Lower Indus Valley was soon abandoned, these conquests established the basic territory of the Islamic Empire. Because this empire was established through Arab conquest, the Arabs enjoyed a privileged position as a conquering group until the Umayyad period. However, conflicts between the government and Arab tribesmen, conflicts between the South and North Arabs, anti-establishment movements by Shiites and Kharijites, and movements for equality with the Arabs by the Mawari people, the indigenous people of the conquered territories who converted to Islam, continued, and the political situation of the Umayyad Caliphate was unstable.

[Johei Shimada]

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasids, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, skillfully exploited these discords and conflicts to launch a revolutionary movement that was successful in establishing the Abbasid dynasty (750-1258), which achieved political and social equality between Arabs and Mawali, with many of the bureaucrats being made up of Iranian Mawali intellectuals. The Abbasid caliphs, needing to counter the Ali family, who boasted of being descended from the same prophet, and the Shiites who supported them, used legal scholars to promote the idea of ​​divine right of the caliphate, and attempted to systematize the law and doctrine of Sunni Islam, making the defense of faith and the enforcement of the law the most important duties of the caliph. This is what made it an Islamic empire, and this system was more or less established during the reign of the fifth Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid (reigned 786-809).

[Johei Shimada]

The decline of the caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate inherited the Umayyad Caliphate's territories as they were, but as early as 756, the Later Umayyad Caliphate (756-1031) gained independence in the Iberian Peninsula. Eventually, in North Africa to the west and Khorasan to the east, independent dynasties began to emerge that exercised de facto sovereignty within their territories, though they did not negate the authority of the Abbasid caliphate itself, and this extended to Egypt and Syria as well. However, the Fatimid dynasty (909-1171), which arose in North Africa and ruled Egypt and Syria, made the radical Shiite Ismaili sect its state religion, used the title of caliph from the time of its founding, and directly challenged the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. Eventually, the Later Umayyad monarch also called himself caliph, and three caliphs stood side by side, completely dividing the Islamic empire. Furthermore, when the Iranian military dynasty, the Buyid dynasty, entered Baghdad in 946, the caliphate system itself continued to exist, but it exercised full authority over military, administrative, and financial matters, ushering in an era of military rule in Islamic history. This period of military rule was succeeded by the Turkish Seljuk dynasty, who overthrew the Buyid dynasty in 1055, entered Baghdad, and was granted the title of sultan by the caliph.

Saladin, who gained fame for his bravery in fighting the Crusaders, established the Ayyubid dynasty (1169-1250), overthrew the Fatimid caliphate, and restored Sunni Islamic rule in Egypt and Syria. By this time, the Umayyad caliphate had also disappeared, and Nasir, the 34th caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, intended to revive the caliphate, and in 1194 he allied with the Khwarizm Shah dynasty and destroyed the Seljuk regime in Iraq. However, it was too late, and in 1258 the Mongol army led by Hulagu captured Baghdad, bringing the Abbasid dynasty to an end.

After that, there were those who called themselves caliphs in the Islamic world, but they did not have the substance to deserve the name, and legal scholars do not recognize them as caliphs. With the fall of the Abbasid dynasty and the disappearance of the historical caliphate, the Islamic Empire also came to an end.

[Johei Shimada]

"Iwanami Lectures on World History 8: Middle Ages 2" by Mamoru Masao, Shimada Johei, and others (1969, Iwanami Shoten)""Maejima Shinji (ed.), World History 11: History of Western Asia, New Edition (1972, Yamakawa Publishing)""Islamic States and Societies" by Shimada Johei (1977, Iwanami Shoten)"

The development of the Islamic Empire
©Shogakukan ">

The development of the Islamic Empire


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラム教徒が西アジアを中心に建設した大帝国。中世ヨーロッパではサラセン帝国とよんだ。632年預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)の死の翌日、メディナのイスラム教徒はアブー・バクルを新しい指導者、カリフに選び定めた。これが1258年のアッバース朝の滅亡まで続いたカリフ制度の始まりで、イスラム史において歴史的カリフ制度の続いていた時代をイスラム帝国とよぶ。

[嶋田襄平]

正統カリフ時代~ウマイヤ朝

メディナの原始イスラムの共同体が帝国へと発展した契機は征服であった。最初の征服は633年に始められ、650年までに、東は現在のイランの大部分、西はシドラ湾東岸に至る北アフリカ、北はカフカス、タウルス(トロス)両山脈に至る地が、メディナのカリフ政権の支配に帰した。しかし、きわめて短い期間にこれだけの大帝国の支配者となったことは、イスラム教徒同士の利害の対立を招き、第3代カリフのウスマーンと第4代カリフのアリーは、相次いで同じイスラム教徒によって殺された。アブー・バクルの即位からアリーの暗殺までを正統カリフ時代(632~661)という。アリーが暗殺されると、彼と対立していたウマイヤ家のムアーウィヤがダマスカスに都してウマイヤ朝(661~750)を開き、イスラムに王朝的支配が始まった。ウマイヤ朝は8世紀の初めイベリア半島、アフガニスタン、中央アジア、インダス川下流域を征服し、インダス川下流域はまもなく放棄されたが、このときの征服によってイスラム帝国の基本的領域がほぼ定まった。この帝国はアラブの征服によって成立したため、ウマイヤ朝時代までアラブは征服者集団として特権的地位にあった。しかし政府とアラブ部族民との対立、南アラブと北アラブとの抗争、シーア派、ハワーリジュ派の反体制運動、イスラムに改宗した征服地の原住民マワーリーのアラブとの平等を求める運動などが続き、ウマイヤ朝の政情は安定しなかった。

[嶋田襄平]

アッバース朝

預言者ムハンマドの叔父の子孫のアッバース家は、このような不和と対立とを巧みに利用して革命運動を展開し、これが成功してアッバース朝(750~1258)が開かれ、政治的にも社会的にもアラブとマワーリーとの平等が実現し、官僚の多くはイラン人マワーリーの知識階級によって占められた。アッバース朝のカリフは、同じ預言者の一族としての家門を誇るアリー家と、これを支持するシーア派に対抗する必要から、法学者を利用してカリフ権神授の観念を打ち出すとともに、スンニー派イスラムの法と教義との体系化を図り、信仰の擁護と法の施行をカリフのもっとも重要な職責とした。これがイスラム帝国のイスラム帝国たるゆえんであり、このような体制がほぼ確立したのは、アッバース朝第5代カリフのハールーン・アッラシード(在位786~809)の時代であった。

[嶋田襄平]

カリフ制度の衰え

アッバース朝はウマイヤ朝の領土をそのまま継承したが、早くも756年にはイベリア半島に後(こう)ウマイヤ朝(756~1031)が自立した。やがて西方の北アフリカと東方のホラサーンで、アッバース朝カリフの権威そのものを否認するものではないが、領内に事実上の主権を行使する独立王朝が自立し始め、それはエジプト、シリアにも及んだ。しかし北アフリカに興ってエジプト、シリアを支配したファーティマ朝(909~1171)は、過激なシーア派のイスマーイール派を国教とし、建国のときからカリフという称号を用い、正面からアッバース朝の権威に挑戦した。やがて後ウマイヤ朝の君主もカリフと称し、3人のカリフが並び立ち、イスラム帝国は完全に分裂した。そのうえイラン人の軍事政権ブワイフ朝は、946年にバグダードに入城すると、カリフ制度そのものは存続させたが、軍事、行政、財政に関するカリフの全権限を行使し、イスラムの歴史に武家政治の時代を開いた。武家政治は、1055年にブワイフ朝を倒してバグダードに入城し、カリフからスルタンの称号を授けられたトルコ人のセルジューク朝によって継承された。

 十字軍との戦いで勇名をはせたサラディンは、アイユーブ朝(1169~1250)を開いてファーティマ朝カリフを廃し、エジプトとシリアにスンニー派イスラムの支配を回復した。このときまでに後ウマイヤ朝のカリフも消滅しており、アッバース朝第34代カリフのナーシルは、カリフ政治の復活を意図し、1194年フワーリズム・シャー朝と結んでイラクのセルジューク朝政権を滅ぼした。しかし時すでに遅く、1258年にフラグの率いるモンゴル軍がバグダードを陥れ、アッバース朝は滅んだ。

 その後も、イスラム世界にカリフと称するものは存在したが、それはカリフの名にふさわしい実体をもたず、法学者も彼らをカリフとは認めない。アッバース朝の滅亡と、歴史的カリフ制度の消滅により、イスラム帝国もまた終わった。

[嶋田襄平]

『護雅夫・嶋田襄平他著『岩波講座 世界歴史 8 中世 2』(1969・岩波書店)』『前嶋信次編『世界各国史 11 西アジア史』新版(1972・山川出版社)』『嶋田襄平著『イスラムの国家と社会』(1977・岩波書店)』

イスラム帝国の発展
©Shogakukan">

イスラム帝国の発展


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