Examination - Shiken (English spelling) examination

Japanese: 試験 - しけん(英語表記)examination
Examination - Shiken (English spelling) examination
Generally speaking, it means to test the properties and performance of things, people, or organizations. In school education, it refers to examining the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of students, as well as their intellectual and physical abilities. School education is conducted in stages according to a set curriculum, and each stage of education must be given at a time when students are in an appropriate state to receive instruction, and ultimately, at the end of the curriculum, it must be examined whether they have achieved the intended goal. Thus, tests are necessary to know the status of students and to determine the appropriate content, method, and timing of education. In doing so, it is important to obtain inferential information with as few errors as possible, and reliability and validity are required. There are several aspects to validity, but educational validity, social validity, measurement validity, and inferential validity must be considered.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一般には物や人,あるいは組織などの性質,性能をためすこと。学校教育においては,被教育者の知識,技術,態度をはじめ,広く知的能力,身体的能力などについて調べることをさす。学校教育は,一定の教育課程に従って,段階的に行われるが,その各段階の教育は被教育者が教授を受けるのにふさわしい状態の時期に行われる必要があり,最終的には教育課程を修了した時点で,所期の目的に到達したかどうかを調べなければならない。このように被教育者の状態を知り,適切な教育の内容,方法,時期を判断するために試験が必要となる。その際,できるだけ誤りの少い推定的情報を獲得することが重要とされ,信頼性や妥当性が要求される。妥当性には,いくつかの側面があるが,教育的妥当性,社会的妥当性,測定的妥当性,推定的妥当性が考慮されなければならない。

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