Sikhism - Śikkhism

Japanese: シク教 - しくきょう(英語表記)Śikkhism
Sikhism - Śikkhism

It is a religion derived from Hinduism. Its founder was Nanak (1469-1538), and it still has a strong influence today, mainly in the Punjab region. "Sikh" refers to Sikhs, but originally it meant "disciple." This is because Sikhs are considered to be faithful disciples of a Guru (teacher, head of the Dharma). There have been 10 Gurus in history.

The distinctive feature of Sikhism is that it critically integrated Hinduism and Islam under the influence of Kabir, a religious poet who radically appealed to the immanence of God while remaining a simple weaver. The ultimate goal of Sikhism, like Hinduism, is to be liberated from the cycle of reincarnation and become one with God, but it places little value on Hindu rituals and training. It also rejects the caste system that is the foundation of Hinduism and preaches a strong fraternalism like Islam. Since the fourth Guru Ramdas (1534-81) appointed his third son Arjun as the fifth Guru, the position of Guru became hereditary. From this time on, tensions with the Muslim Mughal Empire increased, and horrific incidents began to occur in which Gurus were persecuted and tortured to death. For this reason, the Sikh community gradually became more militaristic, and the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (reigned 1675-1708), finally formed the military group, the Khalsa (Pure) Party, and stipulated that party members should always wear five things beginning with the letter K: kesh (hair, beard), kanger (comb), kach (short hakama), khara (bracelet), and kripan (dagger), and should add "Singh" (meaning lion) to the end of their names. He lost all his children in the battle against the Mughals, and was assassinated by a rival tribe. Since he no longer had a successor, he followed his will and made the Sikh holy book, Granth Sahib, his guru. For this reason, this holy book is also called Guru Granth Sahib. The Sikhs established a great kingdom centered in the Punjab region, but it was destroyed in a war with the British in 1849.

[Keiichi Miyamoto]

"Sikhism in India" by K. Singh, translated by Akitoshi Saito (1980, Kokusho Kankokai)

[References] | Nanak

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヒンドゥー教から派生した宗教の一つ。ナーナク(1469―1538)を開祖とし、パンジャーブ地方を中心に今日でも強い勢力をもつ。「シク」はシク教徒のことであるが、本来は「弟子」の意味。シク教徒は、グル(師、法主)の忠実な弟子であると考えられているからである。グルは、歴史上の人物としては10代を数える。

 シク教の特徴は、一介の織工であり続けながら、神の内在性をラディカルに訴えた宗教詩人カビールの影響の下に、ヒンドゥー教とイスラム教を批判的に統合した点にある。シク教の最終目標は、ヒンドゥー教と同じく、輪廻(りんね)から解脱(げだつ)し、神と合一することであるが、ヒンドゥー教的な儀礼と修行にほとんど価値を置かない。また、ヒンドゥー教の根幹をなすカースト制を否定し、イスラム教のような強固な同朋(どうぼう)主義を唱える。第4代のグル・ラームダース(1534―81)が、第5代のグルに三男のアルジュンを指名して以来、グルは世襲制となった。このころから、ムスリム(イスラム教徒)政権であるムガル朝との緊張が高まり、グルが迫害、拷問を受けて死に至るという凄惨(せいさん)な事件が起こるようになった。このため、シク教団はしだいに軍事色を強めていき、第10代のグル・ゴービンド・シング(在位1675~1708)は、ついに軍事集団カールサー(純粋)党を結成し、党員は頭文字にKがつく五つのもの、つまり、ケーシュ(髪、髭(ひげ))、カンガー(櫛(くし))、カッチュ(短袴(たんこ))、カラー(腕輪)、クリパーン(懐剣)をつねに備え、名前の最後に「シング」(獅子(しし)の意)をつけなければならないとした。彼はムガル朝との戦いのなかで子をすべて失い、自らも対立部族の手で暗殺された。もはや後継者がいなかったため、彼の遺言に従い、シク教の聖典『グラント・サーヒブ』がグルとされた。そのため、この聖典は『グル・グラント・サーヒブ』ともよばれる。シク教徒はパンジャーブ地方を中心に一大王国を建設したが、1849年イギリスとの戦いで滅ぼされた。

[宮元啓一]

『K・シン著、斎藤昭俊訳『インドのシク教』(1980・国書刊行会)』

[参照項目] | ナーナク

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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