Schengen Agreement

Japanese: シェンゲン協定 - しぇんげんきょうてい
Schengen Agreement
An agreement that allows free border crossing between European countries without immigration checks. As of December 2015, 26 countries have signed the agreement. This includes 22 of the European Union (EU) member states, excluding the UK, Romania, Bulgaria, Ireland, Cyprus, and Croatia, as well as four non-EU member states: Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
The Schengen Agreement was concluded in 1985 in Schengen, Luxembourg, by five countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and West Germany, who agreed to gradually eliminate common border controls. In 1990, the Schengen Implementation Agreement was signed, which stipulated what measures were necessary to abolish immigration controls within the region, and these two agreements are generally referred to as the Schengen Agreement. With this implementation, in 1995, internal border checks were abolished between the signatory countries, such as the abolition of passport checks on roads, railways, and airports, while common control of external borders was established. In addition, the member countries agreed to cooperate in dealing with illegal immigration and crimes that cross borders. The number of signatory countries increased, and in 1997, the two agreements, along with other related laws, were incorporated into the Treaty of Amsterdam, the revised fundamental treaty of the EU, and came into effect in 1999. As a result, the "freedom of movement of people," which was originally agreed upon outside the framework of the European Community (EC), was incorporated into the EU legal system.
Some EU member states are opposed to free movement between countries due to anti-drug and anti-terrorism measures, and the signatory countries have strengthened these measures. However, after the London bombings in 2005, there was a sharp increase in immigrants and refugees from the Middle East and North Africa, and there are still strong voices calling for the reinstatement of border checks. After the Paris terrorist attacks in November 2015, it was agreed to strengthen border controls when entering the EU.

(Writer: Hidemi Harada/2016)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
ヨーロッパ諸国間で出入国審査なしに自由に国境を越えることを認める協定。2015年12月現在、26カ国が締結。欧州連合(EU)加盟国のうち英国、ルーマニア、ブルガリア、アイルランド、キプロス、クロアチアを除く22カ国のほか、ノルウェー、スイス、アイスランド、リヒテンシュタインのEU非加盟国4国が加わっている。
1985年にルクセンブルクのシェンゲンで、同国とベルギー、オランダ、フランス、西ドイツの5カ国が、共通国境管理の段階的撤廃に合意して締結した協定がシェンゲン協定である。90年には、域内の出入国管理の廃止に向けて、どのような施策が必要かを定めた「シェンゲン実施協定」に調印しており、一般的には両協定をシェンゲン協定と呼ぶ。この実施により、95年に締結国間では道路や鉄道、空港でのパスポート検査が廃止されるなど域内国境検査を撤廃し、一方で域外国境の共通管理を整備した。また、不法移民への対処や国境を越える犯罪に対する加盟国間の協力について取り決めた。協定の締結国は広がり、97年には、両協定が他の関連法規と共に、EUの改正基本条約であるアムステルダム条約に組み入れられ、99年に発効した。これにより、当初は欧州共同体(EC)の枠外で取り決められた「人の移動の自由」がEUの法体系に組み込まれることになった。
EU加盟国の中にも、複数国間の自由な移動には麻薬やテロ対策から反対する国もあり、協定締結国はこうした対策を強化してきた。しかし、2005年にロンドン同時爆破テロ事件が起き、中東や北アフリカからの移民・難民が急増したことにより、国境審査の復活を主張する声も根強い。15年11月のパリ同時多発テロ事件後には、EU域内に入る際の国境管理を強化することで合意した。

(原田英美 ライター/2016年)

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