Jet stream

Japanese: ジェット気流 - じぇっときりゅう
Jet stream

A strong air current that is concentrated in a small area and has a maximum wind speed in the shape of an axis at the center. It is named after its resemblance to a jet flow. It is also called a jet stream or simply a jet.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Features and types

Jet streams are characterized by extremely high wind speeds and large changes in wind speed in the direction perpendicular to their axis. There are various types of jet streams, including the westerly jet stream, the easterly jet stream, the polar night jet stream, and the low-level jet stream. When we simply say jet stream, we are referring to the westerly jet stream.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Westerly jet stream

There are two westerly winds that meander like a river around the poles and flow over the mid-latitudes: the polar front jet stream and the subtropical jet stream. The polar front jet stream is located near where the polar front reaches the tropopause (at a height of about 10 kilometers), and its flow changes daily, closely related to the rise and fall and trends of high and low pressure systems on the ground. There is a large temperature difference from north to south near the polar front, and the thermal wind effect caused by this is said to be the cause of the polar front jet stream. It is also thought that its kinetic energy is due to the conversion of the positional energy of the cold and warm air masses on either side of the polar front. On the other hand, the subtropical jet stream is located slightly higher than the polar front jet stream, and has less daily fluctuation and is a steady flow. Its origin is said to be that, if we consider a large ring of air flowing from east to west around the Earth at the equator, when this air is heated at the equator and rises like a convection current toward higher latitudes, the wind speed gradually increases due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, and the gradient of the wind speed reaches a critical point near 30 degrees latitude, where the wind speed reaches its maximum. The end of the rainy season in Japan is closely related to this jet stream (subtropical jet stream).

In winter, the polar front jet stream and the subtropical jet stream join near Japan and the eastern United States, where wind speeds become extremely strong, often exceeding 100 meters per second. During World War II, an American B-29 bomber en route from Saipan to the Japanese mainland encountered very strong westerly winds, which prompted systematic research into the jet stream. The jet stream is used in aircraft navigation, as it corresponds to the cruising altitude of jet planes, by using it as a tailwind and avoiding it as a headwind, but it is particularly important to be careful near the jet stream, as clear-air turbulence is likely to occur. The jet stream also plays a major role in transporting pollutants and fine dust from volcanic eruptions over long distances.

[Hiroshi Matano]

[Reference] | Clear air turbulence
The meridional circulation and the structure of the two jet streams
©Shogakukan ">

The meridional circulation and the structure of the two jet streams

The relationship between low pressure and the jet stream
©Shogakukan ">

The relationship between low pressure and the jet stream

Position and strength of the jet stream axis in the Northern Hemisphere
©Shogakukan ">

The position of the jet stream axis in the Northern Hemisphere and...


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

狭い範囲に集中し、中心に軸状の最大風速をもつ強い気流をいう。その状態が噴流に似ているのでこの名がある。ジェット・ストリームjet streamまたは単にジェットともよぶ。

[股野宏志]

特徴と種類

ジェット気流の特徴は、風速が非常に大きいことのほか、軸に直角の方向に風速の変化も非常に大きいことである。ジェット気流には、偏西風帯ジェット気流、偏東風帯ジェット気流、極夜ジェット気流、下層ジェット気流などがある。単にジェット気流といえば、偏西風帯ジェット気流をさす。

[股野宏志]

偏西風帯ジェット気流

極を取り巻いて中緯度地方の上空を川のように蛇行しながら流れている偏西風帯には、寒帯前線ジェット気流と亜熱帯ジェット気流とよばれる二つのものがある。寒帯前線ジェット気流は、寒帯前線が圏界面に達する付近(約10キロメートルの高さ)にあり、その流れ方は毎日変動し、地上の高気圧や低気圧の盛衰や動向と密接な関係にある。寒帯前線付近は南北方向に温度差が大きく、これによる温度風効果が寒帯前線ジェット気流の成因とされている。また、その運動エネルギーは、寒帯前線を挟む寒暖両気団のもつ位置のエネルギーの転化によると考えられている。一方、亜熱帯ジェット気流は、寒帯前線ジェット気流に比べ、やや高いところにあり、日々の変動も少なく、定常的な流れである。その成因は、赤道地方で地球を東西に取り巻いて流れている空気の大きな輪を考えるとき、これが赤道で加熱されて対流のように上昇して高緯度に向かうと、角運動量保存の法則により、しだいに風速を増し、緯度30度付近で風速の傾度が臨界に達して、風速がそこで極大になることによるとされている。日本の梅雨(つゆ)明けはこのジェット気流(亜熱帯ジェット気流)と密接な関係にある。

 冬季には、寒帯前線ジェット気流と亜熱帯ジェット気流は、日本付近とアメリカ大陸東部で合流し、風速は著しく大きくなって、しばしば毎秒100メートルを超えることがある。第二次世界大戦中、サイパン島から日本本土に向かうアメリカのB-29爆撃機が非常に強い西風に遭遇したことが端緒となって、ジェット気流が組織的に研究されるようになった。ジェット気流はジェット機の巡航高度にあたるため、追い風として利用し、向かい風として避けるなど、航空機の運航に利用されるが、ジェット気流付近には晴天乱気流が発生しやすいのでとくに警戒を要する。また、ジェット気流は汚染物質や噴火による細塵(さいじん)などの長距離運搬に大きな役割を果たす。

[股野宏志]

[参照項目] | 晴天乱気流
子午面循環と二つのジェット気流の構造
©Shogakukan">

子午面循環と二つのジェット気流の構造

低気圧とジェット気流の関係
©Shogakukan">

低気圧とジェット気流の関係

北半球におけるジェット気流の軸の位置と強さ
©Shogakukan">

北半球におけるジェット気流の軸の位置と…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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