Santos, Juan Manuel

Japanese: サントス（英語表記）Santos, Juan Manuel

Born August 10, 1951 in Bogotá. Colombian politician. President (in office 2010-18). Full name Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. Born into a prominent family that owns the publisher of the country's leading newspaper, El Tiempo. After graduating from the Naval Academy in Cartagena, he went to the United States and obtained a bachelor's degree in economics and business administration from the University of Kansas in 1973. After graduating, he served as head of the Colombian delegation to the International Coffee Organization (ICO). During that time he studied economics, economic development, and public administration at the London School of Economics and Politics, and earned a master's degree in public administration from Harvard University in 1981. After returning to the United States, he joined El Tiempo and then entered politics, serving as Minister of Trade from 1991 to 1994 and Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2002, and in 2005 founded the Socialist Party of National Unity (PSUN). As Minister of Defense in the Alvaro Uribe administration from 2006 to 2009, he led the operation to wipe out the rebel group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and in 2008 he succeeded in the rescue of politician Ingrid Betancourt, who had been held captive by FARC for six years. He was elected president in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Santos has led historic dialogue between the government and FARC to end the 52-year civil war, and on September 26, 2016, he signed a peace agreement with FARC Supreme Commander Rodrigo Londoño. Although the agreement was narrowly rejected in a national referendum held on October 2, a new agreement was approved by Congress after renegotiations in late November. In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in reaching a peace agreement with FARC.

Santos
Santos

A city in the southeast of the state of São Paulo in the southeast of Brazil. It is the largest port city in the country. The central settlement is located about 50 km southeast of the state capital, São Paulo, on the mainland coast of São Vicente Island, which faces the Atlantic Ocean and is separated from the mainland by a narrow waterway. The waterway gradually widens from the front of the city toward Santos Bay in the south, allowing large ships to enter the port. It was built in 1543 and developed as the main port of the Portuguese colony in this region. Coffee cultivation became popular in the highlands behind the city in the late 19th century, and it has prospered as a coffee shipping port ever since. It is the world's largest coffee shipping port, and the aroma of coffee fills the air throughout the city. In addition to coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, castor oil, beef, corn, marine products, oranges, leather, industrial products, etc. are shipped, making it one of the country's main ports. Industry is also thriving, with factories for lumber, food, cement, soap, etc. It has beautiful sandy beaches and is known as a seaside resort. The city spreads over a low, humid alluvial plain bordering a waterway, and combined with the subtropical rainy climate, once made it extremely difficult to live there, but the construction of drainage channels and other sanitary facilities and paved roads has greatly improved sanitary conditions. A cable railway and road run from São Paulo down the steep slopes of the Sierra de Mar mountain range, and the city also functions as the outer port of São Paulo. Population: 428,526 (1991 estimate).

Santos
Santos, Lope K.

[Born] 1879
[Died] 1963
Philippine author, poet, journalist, labor movement leader, and politician. He was one of the pioneers who started writing novels in Tagalog. His major work, Banaag at Sikat (1906), describes the struggle between workers and capitalists during the time of American rule, and introduces socialism. He is also known as the father of national grammar, and wrote Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa (1946), a systematic grammar book for the national language of Filipino, which is based on Tagalog. (→ Philippine Literature)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1951.8.10. ボゴタ
コロンビアの政治家。大統領（在任 2010～18）。フルネーム Juan Manuel Santos Calderón。国内有力紙『エル・ティエンポ』の発行元を所有する著名な一族の出身。カルタヘナの海軍兵学校を経てアメリカ合衆国に渡り，1973年にカンザス大学で経済学と経営学の学士号を取得。卒業後は国際コーヒー機関 ICOのコロンビア代表団団長を務めた。その間にロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクスで経済学，経済開発，行政学を学び，1981年にハーバード大学で行政学の修士号を取得した。帰国後はエル・ティエンポに入社，その後政界入りし，1991～94年貿易大臣，2000～02年財務大臣を歴任，2005年には国民統一社会党 PSUNを結成した。2006～09年アルバロ・ウリベ政権で国防大臣として反政府組織コロンビア革命軍 FARC掃討作戦の陣頭指揮をとり，2008年に 6年間 FARCに監禁されていた政治家イングリッド・ベタンクールの救出作戦に成功した。2010年大統領に選出され，2014年再選。52年に及ぶ内戦の終結に向け，政府と FARCとの歴史的対話を主導してきたサントスは，2016年9月26日，FARCのロドリゴ・ロンドーニョ最高司令官と和平合意文書の署名にいたった。10月2日に行なわれた国民投票で合意が僅差で否決されたものの，11月下旬には再交渉後の新協定が議会で承認された。2016年，FARCとの和平合意に尽力したとしてノーベル平和賞（→ノーベル賞）を受賞した。

サントス
Santos

ブラジル南東部，サンパウロ州南東部の都市。同国最大の港湾都市。中心集落は州都サンパウロの南東約 50km，大西洋に面し，狭い水路によって本土からへだてられたサンビセンテ島の本土側沿岸にある。市の前面あたりから南のサントス湾に向って水路は次第に幅広くなり，大型船が入港できる。 1543年建設され，この地方一帯のポルトガル植民地の主要港として発展。 19世紀後半から背後の高原地帯でコーヒー栽培が盛んになり，以後現在までコーヒー積出港として繁栄。コーヒーの積出量は世界最大で，市内いたるところにコーヒーの香りが漂っている。コーヒーのほか綿花，砂糖，バナナ，ひまし油，牛肉，トウモロコシ，水産物，オレンジ，皮革，工業製品などを積出し，同国の主要港の一つとなっている。工業も盛んで，製材，食品，セメント，石鹸などの工場がある。美しい砂浜海岸があり，海浜保養地としても知られる。市街は水路に面した低湿な沖積平野に広がり，亜熱帯性の多雨気候と相まってかつてはきわめて住みにくい土地であったが，排水路をはじめとする各種の衛生施設や舗装道路の建設により，衛生状態は大幅に改善された。サンパウロからマル山脈の急斜面を下ってケーブル鉄道と道路が通じ，サンパウロの外港としても機能している。人口 42万 8526 (1991推計) 。

サントス
Santos, Lope K.

[生]1879
[没]1963
フィリピンの作家，詩人，ジャーナリスト，労働運動指導者，政治家。タガログ語で小説を書き始めた先駆者の一人。主著『夜明けの光』Banaag at Sikat（1906）はアメリカ合衆国統治時代の労働者と資本家との闘争を描き，社会主義を紹介している。また国語文法の父とも呼ばれ，タガログ語に基づいた国語フィリピノ語の組織的な文法書『国語文法』Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa（1946）を書いた。（→フィリピン文学）

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