Acid dyes

Japanese: 酸性染料 - さんせいせんりょう(英語表記)acid dyes
Acid dyes

Dyes that have sulfonic acid groups or carboxyl groups in the molecule, have a relatively small molecular weight, and can dye wool and nylon, but have little affinity for cotton. They dye fibers from a neutral or acidic aqueous solution. They are classified into the following three categories based on their dyeability on wool.

(1) Level dyeing type: Dyeing is done from an acid bath, with good level dyeing, and is used for fabric dyeing.
(2) Semi-milling type: Dyeing from a weak acid bath, the dyeing uniformity is somewhat poor, used for yarn dyeing,
(3) Milling type: Dyed in a neutral bath, it does not have good uniformity, but its wet fastness is better than other types, and it is used for top dyeing. Top dyeing is a dyeing method for making marbled yarn, using the intermediate worsted product wound into a ball, called a top. It is also called sakizome.

In terms of chemical structure, acid dyes are mainly azo and anthraquinone dyes. Azo dyes can produce colors such as yellow, orange, red, brown, navy blue, and black, while vivid purple, blue, and green are produced by anthraquinone dyes, and these two types of dyes cover most colors.

Acid dyes are the second oldest dye in history after basic dyes, and there are many types. They have higher fastness than basic dyes. They are used in a wide range of applications, including dyeing polyamide fibers such as silk, wool, and nylon, as well as modified synthetic fibers, leather, paper, lake pigments, inks, and food colorings.

The dyeing mechanism for polyamide fibers is as follows: the dye dissociates in an aqueous solution, and the sulfonic acid and carboxyl groups become anions. Meanwhile, in a neutral or acidic aqueous solution, the amino groups in the fibers become ammonium cations, which become sites for the dye anions to dye. In this way, the affinity between the dye and the fibers is mainly due to ionic bonds, but hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces also play an important role.

[Tobita Mitsuhiko]

[Reference item] | Dyes
Main acid dyes
©Shogakukan ">

Main acid dyes


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

分子中にスルホン酸基やカルボキシ基(カルボキシル基)を有し、比較的分子量が小さく、羊毛やナイロンに染まるが、木綿に対しては親和性の小さい染料をいう。中性ないしは酸性の水溶液から繊維を染める。羊毛に対する染色性から、次の三つに分類される。

(1)均染型 酸性浴から染色し、均染性良好で布染めに利用、
(2)半ミーリング型 弱酸性浴から染色、均染性はやや悪い、糸染めに利用、
(3)ミーリング型 中性浴から染色、均染性はよくないが、湿潤堅牢(けんろう)度は他のものよりも良好で、トップ染めに利用。なお、トップ染めとは、梳毛(そもう)の中間製品をボール状に巻き取ったものをトップといい、霜降りなどの糸をつくるための染色法である。先染(さきぞ)めともいう。

 酸性染料を化学構造からみると、アゾ系、アントラキノン系が主である。アゾ系では、黄、橙(だいだい)、赤、茶、紺、黒などの色調が得られるが、鮮明な紫、青、緑などはアントラキノン系によって与えられ、これら両者によりほとんどの色調がカバーできている。

 酸性染料は塩基性染料に次いで歴史的にも古く、その種類も多い。塩基性染料に比べ堅牢度が高い。絹、羊毛、ナイロンなどのポリアミド系繊維の染色のみならず、改質合成繊維、皮革、紙、レーキ顔料、インキ、食用色素など広い用途を有する。

 ポリアミド系繊維への染着機構は次のようである。染料は水溶液中で解離して、スルホン酸基やカルボキシ基がアニオンとなる。一方、中性あるいは酸性水溶液中で繊維中のアミノ基がアンモニウムカチオンとなり、染料アニオンの染着する座席となる。このように染料と繊維との親和力にはイオン結合が主として働くが、それ以外に水素結合やファン・デル・ワールス力などの寄与も重要である。

[飛田満彦]

[参照項目] | 染料
おもな酸性染料
©Shogakukan">

おもな酸性染料


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