The first of three geological periods in the Mesozoic Era, it corresponds to the 50.87 million year period between the Permian and Jurassic periods, from about 252.17 million years ago to about 201.3 million years ago. The strata formed during the Triassic period are called the Triassic System. The name Triassic was coined in 1834 by geologist von Alberti, who coined the name in Germany, where the classical research on the strata of this period was conducted, because three groups of strata with different depositional conditions were superimposed on top of each other. However, in Germany, marine strata are limited to the middle Triassic period, so the international standard is to divide the period based on the strata rich in marine animal fossils in the Alps, Himalayas, and northern Canada. It is generally divided into three periods and seven stages: the Early (Induan, Oleneckian), Middle (Anisian, Ladinian), and Late (Carnian, Norian, Rhaetian). At the end of the Paleozoic Era, all the continents on Earth joined together to form the supercontinent Pangaea, and the opposing super-ocean Panthalassa existed. At the end of the Permian Period, a global ocean regression occurred, which, as if in response, caused a great change in the marine animal kingdom. Many major taxonomic groups that had flourished up until that point became extinct or declined all at once, and the diversity of marine animals decreased significantly in the early Triassic Period. However, some taxonomic groups overcame this crisis and underwent a new great development, with hexacorals, ceratitic ammonites, and various pterygoid bivalves evolving to replace the marine animals of the Paleozoic Era. As index fossils (standard stones) for marine deposits, ceratites, pterygoid bivalves (Daonella, Halobia, Monothys, etc.), as well as protozoan radiolarians and animal conodonts of unknown affiliation, are important. At the end of the Triassic Period, there was another widespread ocean regression and a change in the marine animal kingdom. In contrast, terrestrial plants and animals completed major transformations during the Permian period, with no such drastic changes occurring between the Permian and Triassic periods, or between the Triassic and Jurassic periods. Reptiles are known to include the ancestors of the gigantic dinosaurs of the Jurassic period, as well as what appears to be a transitional form to mammals. Plants saw a remarkable development of gymnosperms and ferns, and conflict between the Gondwana and Angara floras has continued since the late Paleozoic era between the north and south supercontinents. Since there was no large-scale marine transgression during the Triassic Period, continental strata and plateau basalts are known on stable continents, and marine strata are rarely found. Triassic marine strata, including limestone and bedded chert, are often found in the mobile belts and metastable regions of the Tethys Ocean and the Pacific Circumstances. These are interpreted as having been formed by the successive addition of ocean floor sediments, together with landmasses, to the continental margins by the horizontal movement of plates as plate tectonics progressed. The Triassic strata in Japan were once thought to be distributed only in a narrow area, but conodont fossils indicating this period have been successively discovered in chert layers and coal rocks in various parts of the outer belt (Pacific Ocean side) that were previously considered to be Paleozoic. Furthermore, research on radiolarians has revealed that many of these are allochthonous rocks incorporated into mudstones from the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous periods. Although these are severely folded, they are thought to have originally been thin deposits that accumulated on the floor of a vast ocean and were added to the Japanese archipelago, which formed the continental margin. On the other hand, in the inner belt (Japan Sea side) and parts of the outer belt, granite and regional metamorphic rocks formed around the Triassic period and Paleozoic strata that had already been added are distributed, and thick sediments of the late Triassic shelf or peri-marine type based on these are distributed in several small areas. These often contain coal seams, and many of the molluscan fossils they produce are known to be common to those in Siberia. [Hayami Itaru and Ozawa Tomoo, August 19, 2015] "Revised New Edition of Geological History, Volume 2" by Koichiro Ichikawa et al. (1967, Asakura Publishing) " "Geology of Japan" by Toshio Kimura, Itaru Hayami, and Shizuo Yoshida (1993, University of Tokyo Press) " "Atlas of the Evolution of Life and the Earth II, Devonian to Cretaceous, by Dougal Dixon, supervised translation by Ikuo Obata (2003, Asakura Publishing)" [References] | | |Marine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |von Montfort Mesozoic Triassic period Diameter: approx. 18 cm Produced in Württemberg, Germany Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7616) Ceratites semipartites (Ceratites semipartites) Teller, Late Triassic period of the Mesozoic era, specimen width approx. 18cm, Takahashi City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan . Photo by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F3284) Monothis octothica eurakis (two pieces) sp. Late Triassic period of the Mesozoic era Leaf size: about 3 cm Produced in Mine City, Yamaguchi Prefecture © Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7559) Ginkgoites (Ginkgo family) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中生代を三分したうちの最初の地質時代で、ペルム紀(二畳紀)とジュラ紀との間の約2億5217万年前から約2億0130万年前までの約5087万年の期間に相当する。三畳紀に形成された地層を三畳系という。三畳紀の名称は、この時代の地層の古典的研究が行われたドイツで、堆積(たいせき)条件の異なる三つの地層群が累重していることに由来し、1834年に地質学者のフォン・アルベルティが名づけたのに始まる。しかしドイツでは海成層は三畳紀の中期に限られているので、国際的な標準としてはアルプスやヒマラヤ、さらにカナダ北部の海生動物化石に富む地層に基づいて国際的な時代区分が行われている。一般には、前期(インドュアン、オレネキアン)、中期(アニシアン、ラディニアン)、後期(カーニアン、ノーリアン、レーティアン)の3期7階に区分されている。 古生代末には地球上の全大陸が一つに接合して超大陸パンゲアが生じ、これに対立する超大洋のパンタラッサが存在した。また、ペルム紀の終わりには世界的な海退がおこり、これに呼応するかのように海生動物界に大変革を生じた。これまで栄えていた多くの大分類群が一斉に絶滅あるいは衰退し、三畳紀初期には海生動物の多様性が著しく減少した。しかし、この危機を乗り越えたいくつかの分類群から新しい大発展がおこり、古生代型の海生動物にかわって、六放サンゴ、セラタイト型アンモナイト、種々の翼形(よくけい)二枚貝などが発展するようになった。海成層の示準化石(標準化石)としては、セラタイト類、翼形二枚貝(ダオネラ、ハロビア、モノチスなど)のほか、原生生物の放散虫や所属不明の動物コノドントが重要である。三畳紀末にはふたたび広範な海退と海生動物界の変革があった。これに対して陸上の動植物はペルム紀中に大きな変革を終えていて、ペルム紀と三畳紀、三畳紀とジュラ紀の間にそれほど急激な変化を生じていない。爬虫(はちゅう)類では、ジュラ紀に巨大化する恐竜の祖先型や、哺乳(ほにゅう)類への移行型とみられるものが知られている。植物では裸子植物、シダ植物の発展が著しく、古生代後期から引き続いて南北の超大陸の間でゴンドワナ植物群とアンガラ植物群の対立がみられる。 三畳紀は大規模な海進がなかったので、安定大陸上には陸成層や台地玄武岩が知られ、海成層はほとんど分布していない。テチス海域や環太平洋の変動帯および準安定地域にはしばしば石灰岩や層状チャートを含む三畳紀の海成層が発達している。これらは、プレートテクトニクスの発展に伴って、海洋底堆積物が小陸地とともにプレートの水平運動によって大陸縁部に順次付加されて形成されたと解釈されるようになった。 日本の三畳紀層は、かつては分布が狭いと考えられたが、従来古生代とされてきた外帯(太平洋側)各地のチャート層や石炭岩から相次いで本紀を示すコノドント化石が検出された。さらに放散虫の研究により、これらの多くはジュラ紀から白亜紀前期の泥質岩にとりこまれた異地性の岩体であることが判明した。これらは激しく褶曲(しゅうきょく)しているが、もともとは広大な海洋底にたまった薄い堆積物で、大陸縁をなしていた日本列島に付加されたと考えられている。一方、内帯(日本海側)および外帯の一部には、三畳紀前後に形成された花崗(かこう)岩や広域変成岩とすでに付加されていた古生代の地層が分布し、これらを基盤とする三畳紀後期の陸棚性ないし瀕海(ひんかい)性の厚い堆積物がいくつかの小地域に分布する。これらはしばしば炭層を含み、産出する軟体動物化石にはシベリア方面と共通する種が多く知られている。 [速水 格・小澤智生 2015年8月19日] 『市川浩一郎他著『改訂新版地史学 下巻』(1967・朝倉書店)』▽『木村敏雄・速水格・吉田鎮男著『日本の地質』(1993・東京大学出版会)』▽『ドゥーガル・ディクソン著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅡ デボン紀から白亜紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |von Montfort 中生代三畳紀 径約18cm ドイツ ウュルテンベルク産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7616)"> セラティテス・セミパーティテス(セラタ… Teller 中生代三畳紀後期 標本の幅約18cm 岡山県高梁市写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F3284)"> モノチス・オコティカ・ユーラキス(二枚… sp. 中生代三畳紀後期 葉の大きさ約3cm 山口県美祢市産©写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7559)"> ギンゴイテス(イチョウ類) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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