Hymn - Sanka

Japanese: 賛歌 - さんか
Hymn - Sanka

Hymns are a form of addressing God. Many of the extant ancient hymns seem to have a ritual background involving offerings and sacrifices.

In ancient times, people believed that their fate, happiness, and joy depended on a god or gods that transcended human beings. It was quite natural for them to hold rituals and offer tributes to these transcendental beings in the family or community. However, the circumstances under which people came to praise the gods were not necessarily uniform.

In the ancient Orient, the praise of God was often a prerequisite for making a wish. This is also the case in the Rig Veda of ancient India. Hymns were offered to the gods in order to please them and gain their favor, thereby obtaining the bliss of daily life - victory over an enemy that threatened them, good harvests and rain, the increase of livestock, the prosperity of descendants, good health, recovery from illness, etc. On the other hand, hymns contained in the Old Testament are often used to praise God as a way of giving thanks for His blessings. They are distinguished between "songs of praise" and "songs of thanksgiving" depending on whether they describe God's general benefits to humans or describe a specific blessing to them, but the two are essentially the same and both are hymns. Here, the hymn is an admission that the whole existence of the person singing the hymn is dependent on the God to whom the hymn is directed, and it is also a confession of faith. Perhaps the contrasting form is the so-called "lament," in which the lamentation of a real plight, or of abandonment, becomes a heartfelt appeal to God for relief, and often a song of praise to that God. A classic example of this is Psalm 22.

Although the underlying circumstances varied, such as supplication, thanksgiving, or lamentation, when they spoke to God it became a prayer, and the ultimate form of prayer was elevated to a hymn praising God.

[Koichiro Ishikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

賛歌は神への語りかけの一形態である。現存する古代賛歌の多くは供物(くもつ)、供犠を伴った祭儀的背景をもつものと思われる。

 自分たちの運命、苦楽が人間を超越した神あるいは神々に依存すると考える古代の人間が、この超越した存在に対して家庭や共同体において祭祀(さいし)を行い、賛辞を呈することはきわめて自然なことであった。しかし神をほめたたえるに至る状況はかならずしも一様ではない。

 古代オリエントにおいては神の賛美が願い事のための前提であることが少なくない。これは古代インドのリグ・ベーダの場合にもいえることである。神々に賛歌を捧(ささ)げるのは、神を喜ばせ、神の歓心を買うことにより日常生活上の至福――自分たちを脅かす外敵への勝利、豊作や降雨、家畜の増殖、子孫の繁栄、無病息災、病気からの回復など――を得るためである。一方、神の恵みに対する感謝として神をたたえている場合の多いのが、『旧約聖書』に含まれている賛歌である。神の人間に対する一般的な恩恵を描写するのか、自分たちに対するある特定の恵みを叙述するのかによって、「賛美の歌」と「感謝の歌」とに区別されるが、この両者は本質的に変わらず、ともに賛歌である。ここでは賛歌を口にする者の全存在が賛歌の対象である神に依存していることの表白であり、信仰告白でもある。おそらくこれと対照的な形式は、いわゆる「嘆きの歌」であるが、現実の窮状、見捨てられたことの悲嘆は、救済を求める神への切なる訴えとなり、訴えかけている神の賛美となることもまた多い。この典型的な例として「詩篇(しへん)」第22篇をあげることができよう。

 祈願、感謝、嘆きなど、前提となる状況はさまざまではあるが、彼らが神に語りかけるときそれは祈りとなり、祈りの究極の形態として昇華したものが、神をほめたたえる賛歌となった。

[石川耕一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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